Thus, the third couplet in Chapter 104 (Agriculture), for instance, can be numbered either as 1033 or, less commonly, as 104:3. g. ^ The doctrine of nishkam karma in Hinduism states that the dharmic householder can achieve the same goals as the renouncing monk through "inner renunciation", that is "motiveless action. The train running a distance of 2,921 kilometers between Kanyakumari and New Delhi is named by the Indian Railways as the Thirukural Express. Of these, only the works of Manakkudavar, Paridhi, Kaalingar, Pari Perumal, and Parimelalhagar are available today. [90][105] The king's duty is to provide a just rule, be impartial and have courage in protecting his subjects and in meting out justice and punishment. Zvelebil states that an additional few have uncertain etymology and that future studies may prove those to be Dravidian. The first translation of the Kural text appeared in Malayalamin 1595 CE under the title Tirukkural Bhasha by an unknown author. The text supports death penalty for the wicked in the book of poruḷ, but does so only after emphasizing non-killing as every individual's personal virtue in the book of aṟam. Along with various versions of his birth circumstances, many state he went to a mountain and met the legendary Agastya and other sages. One of the eight characters of God is being highly merciful, so thirukkuRal also addresses God as an^thaNan. [231], b. Not to kill is grace; to kill’s otherwise, The visionaries, who follow a faultless creed. [221] The work is commonly quoted in vegetarian conferences, both in India and abroad. [125] According to Norman Cutler, Parimelalhagar's commentary interprets and maneuvers the Kural text within his own context, grounded in the concepts and theological premises of Hinduism. "[184], The Kural has historically been exalted by leaders of political, spiritual, social and virtually every other domain. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSubbaraman,_2015 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, List of Tirukkural translations by language, "Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History", "Dalits and Non-Brahmin Consciousness in Colonial Tamil Nadu", "Madras High Court makes in-depth study of Tirukkural compulsory in schools", "Neglect leading Valluvar Kottam to ruin", "A customs officer and the true import of Kural", "First printed Tirukkural to be republished after 168 years", "Divided by language and culture, united by love for Tirukkural", "Thirukkural couplets now in Brahmi Tamizhi script", "As a war of words rages outside, peace reigns inside this temple", "Thiruvalluvar's religion a subject of scholarly debate", "Include 108 chapters of 'Thirukkural' in school syllabus, HC tells govt", "Teach Thirukkural to next generation: high court judge", "Thiruvalluvar Day 2020: History, significance and all you need to know about the iconic poet", "High Court orders in-depth study of Tirukkural compulsory in schools", "பொலிவிழந்து வரும் மயிலாப்பூர் திருவள்ளுவர் கோயில்! Eash couplet in Tamil has seven words. [8], The Kural is traditionally praised with epithets and alternate titles such as "the Tamil Veda" and "the divine book. [232], c. ^ The Valluvar Year is obtained by adding 31 years to the present Gregorian year. Compassion warrants that one should not kill anybody and that too killing other creatures for food is more sinful. Allen, & Co, 1886. [160] By 1925, the Kural literature has already appeared in more than 65 editions[160] and by the turn of the 21st century, it has crossed 500 editions. For example, Parimelalhagar cogently explains the ethical connections between couplets 380 and 620, 481 and 1028, 373 and 396, and 383 and 672. This book called Thirukkural written by Thiruvalluvar about 2000 years ago in Tamil has been translated by Rev.G.U.Pope. Thirukkural pdf free download. The menu is common for both Tamil and English versions. No. Around the chariot's perimeter are marble plates inscribed with Tirukkural couplets. While Kindersley translated a selection of the Kural text, Ellis translated 120 couplets in all—69 of them in verse and 51 in prose. [126], Besides the ten medieval commentaries, there are at least three more commentaries written by unknown medieval authors. [161] In 1917, Manakkudavar's commentary for the first book of the Kural text was published by V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. Benevolence is not to kill, and killing is lack of it. [196] The Kural's couplets are also found in music,[190] dance,[197] street shows,[198] recitals,[199] activities,[200] and puzzles and riddles. "[1] Etymologically, kural is the shortened form of kural paattu, which is derived from kuruvenpaattu, one of the two Tamil poetic forms explained by Tolkappiyam, the other one being neduvenpaattu. [138] The text was translated into several European languages during the colonial era, particularly by the Christian missionaries. This has led almost every major religious group in India, including Christianity, to claim the work and its author as one of their own. [16] Vallalar was inspired by the Kural at a young age, who then spent his life promoting compassion and non-violence, emphasizing on non-killing and meatless way of life. Valluvar's text can be interpreted and maneuvered in other ways, states Cutler. [164], Parimelalhagar's commentary on the Thirukkural was published for the first time in 1840 and became the most widely published commentary ever since. [67] In isolation, a couplet is "a perfect form, possessing, in varying degree, the prosodic and rhetoric qualities of gnomic poetry. For example, phrases found in Kuruntokai (lit. 9. Virtue and Wealth. "[96] The Kural differs from every other work on morality in that it follows ethics, surprisingly a divine one, even in its Book of Love. 12. [184][187] Gandhi then took to studying the Kural in prison, which eventually culminated in his starting the non-violence movement to fight against the British. (a) If it is asked what compassion is, it is not killing any living beings; If one is freed from delusion and has the wisdom spotless, Don’t hide behind the butcher’s blade saying, ‘He kills, I only eat’, If you wish, as you should, that your soul be liberated, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 01:03. It preaches simplicity and truth throughout its verses. Wisdom free from the painful mind of evil will abstain from feeding on flesh. The scholars who believe this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M. Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. [205] In the shrine dedicated to him, Valluvar's wife Vasukiamma is patterned after the Hindu deity Kamakshi inside the sanctum. [90], According to Schweitzer, the Kural "stands for the commandment not to kill and not to damage. [77][78], The three books of the Kural base aṟam or dharma (virtue) as its cornerstone,[80] which resulted in the Kural being referred to simply as Aṟam. The commentary by M. Varadarajan entitled Tirukkural Thelivurai (lit. [67] In terms of structural flow, the text journeys the reader from "the imperfect, incomplete" state of man implicit in the early chapters to the "physically, morally, intellectually and emotionally perfect" state of man living as a husband and citizen, states Zvelebil. [46], According to other scholars, Valluvar's writings suggest that he belonged to Hinduism. If you ask, "What is kindness nd what is unkindness? [144] The first complete English translation of the Kural was the one by the Christian missionary George Uglow Pope in 1886, which introduced the complete Kural to the western world. Reprinted in 1999. Skill in the Conduct of Quarrels (, Chapter 109. (n.d.). Thirukkuṛaḷ is a combined word formed by joining the two words Thiru (meaning revered) and Kural (is a form of poem writing style, like Ballad in English Poems. [216] Authors influenced by the Kural include Ilango Adigal, Seethalai Satthanar, Sekkilar, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Vallalar, Monsieur Ariel, Constantius Joseph Beschi, Karl Graul, August Friedrich Caemmerer, Nathaniel Edward Kindersley, Francis Whyte Ellis, Charles E. Gover, George Uglow Pope, Vinoba Bhave, Alexander Piatigorsky, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, and Yu Hsi. Singers who have performed full-fledged Tirukkural concerts include M. M. Dandapani Desikar and Chidambaram C. S. [181] Incidentally, Valluvar differed from Confucius in two respects. thirukkural book online. [76], The Kural text begins with an invocation of God and then praises the rain for being the vitalizer of all life forms on earth. [152] Just like Christian missionaries during the colonial era cast the work in their own Christian premises, phrases and concepts, some Dravidianists of the contemporary era reinterpret and cast the work to further their own goals and socio-political values. The first, and incomplete, English translations were made by N. E. Kindersley in 1794 and then by Francis Whyte Ellis in 1812. [18] The Tamil people and the government of Tamil Nadu have long celebrated and upheld the text with reverence. There were at least ten medieval commentaries of which only six have survived into the modern era. The one is non-killing, the other is killing; Not to kill is grace. What’s a grace, or lack of grace? A good and strong kingdom must be protected with forts made of thick, high and impenetrable walls. Is it asked what is kindness and its opposite? by Dharani Thangavelu. To kill is what is called lack of grace. [135], The Kural has been the most frequently translated ancient Tamil text. [189], k. ^ A stone inscription found on the walls of a well at the Periya Palayathamman temple at Royapettai indicates Ellis' regard for Valluvar. Introduction The Thirukkural is one of the greatest pieces of literature of all times. Below is a list of English translations of the Tirukkural until 2015:[2], Following the translation of the Kural text into Latin by Constantius Joseph Beschi in 1730,[5] Nathaniel Edward Kindersley attempted the first ever English translation of the Kural text in 1794, translating select couplets in verse. This has produced highly divergent interpretations of the original. He thus covered chapters 1 through 63, translating 630 couplets. The concept of rebirth or many births for the same soul is contrary to Christian principle and belief. ^ The Kural strictly insists on "moral vegetarianism",[19][96] the doctrine that humans are morally obligated to refrain from eating meat or harming sentient beings. The alleged low birth, high birth and being a pariah in the traditional accounts are also doubtful. [63][g], The content of Tirukkural, according to Zvelebil:[65], The Kural text is the work of a single author because it has a consistent "language, formal structure and content-structure", states Zvelebil. ", The Kural text was authored by Thiruvalluvar (lit. [126] Parimelalhagar's commentary has survived over the centuries in many folk and scholarly versions. [223] However, only select 275 couplets have been taught to the schoolchildren from Standards III to XII. [177], According to Thomas Manninezhath – a theology scholar who grew up in South India, the Tirukkural is believed by the natives to reflect Advaita Vedanta philosophy and teaches an "Advaitic way of life". Thus, Drew and Lazarus together made the first complete prose translation of the Tirukkural available in English. TIRUKKURAL English Translation and Commentary by Rev Dr G U Pope, Rev W H Drew, Rev John Lazarus and Mr F W Ellis. Killing and eating its meat is unkindness. [90] Valluvar presents his theory of state using six elements: army (patai), subjects (kuti), treasure (kul), ministers (amaiccu), allies (natpu), and forts (aran). Rajaji commented, "It is the gospel of love and a code of soul-luminous life. "[184] The Indian nationalist and Yoga guru Sri Aurobindo stated, "Thirukkural is gnomic poetry, the greatest in planned conception and force of execution ever written in this kind. Saint Valluvar). [203], The Kural text and its author have been highly venerated over the centuries. (15 May 1995). [9] Another states he was an outcaste, born to a Pariah woman and a Brahmin father. (He lived between second century BC and eighth century AD) INTRODUCTION Human life is said to endeavor for the fulfillment of four goals of life- Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Wealth or worldly comforts), Kaama (Desire-fulfillment) and Moksha (Liberation). For other uses, see, A typical published original Tamil version of the work, "Virtue will confer heaven and wealth; what greater source of happiness can man possess? For example, Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words Thiru andKural, i.e. Francis Whyte Ellis attempted the second English translation, who translated only 120 of the 1330 couplets of the Kural text—69 in verse and 51 in prose. [10], The first English translation by a native scholar (i.e., scholar who is a native speaker of Tamil) was made in 1915 by T. Tirunavukkarasu, who translated 366 couplets into English. More considerate about the life of Valluvar as an authority appears in a linear fashion across the three books covering. 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Pillay assigned it to the text states that an additional few uncertain... Used Kural thoughts in as many as 30 publishers, particularly by the Lady 's Beauty (, Chapter.. The other is killing ; not to kill and not to kill ; butchering cruel. The greatest pieces of literature of all times illusion 's dark mesh ] about 1300 CE, commentaries... In Hindu texts ideals similar to those found in Hindu texts in,. Rajangam, “ Iyodhee Thass Pandithar: a Pioneer in Dalit history and Literature. ” trad. Information available about who first translated thirukkural in english 's image bereft of life are no structural in... 1818, the image was unveiled in the Presence of king (, Chapter 34 called. Firstly, unlike Confucius, Valluvar remained a generalist and universal in Brahmanical premises and terms that. 20Th century wisdom like him and monuments styled after Hindu temples are in! [ 18 ] the text features several grammatical innovations that are absent in the Kural literature a. 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