Seismic stratigraphy represents a coherent method for the analysis of sedimentary basin fills. In case of I=0, the ratio of the reflected energy of P-wave, E r, to the incident energy, E i, is given by: E r / E i I=0 The square root of the above relationship is called Reflection Coefficient, R. This is an efficient and effective method to survey large areas for underground iron … Fractures (F); 10. FA is now a tensile-shear fault and was active prior to diagenesis, which led to a non-sequence in the strata on the south side. They can be characterized as echoes. Multiple-well techniques. 761 Application of modern 2-D and 3-D seismic- reflection techniques for uranium exploration in the Athabasca Basin1 Z. Hajnal, D.J. It is instructive to review the method, but it has fallen into disuse because of the decreased cost of CDP surveys and the difficulty of quantitative interpretation in most cases. Application of the Seismic Reflection Method in Mineral Exploration and Crustal Imaging: Contributions to Hardrock Seismic Imaging September 2015 Thesis for: PhD 12/8/16. using seismic refraction, surface-wave methods) and the presence of geological layers due to their seismic reflectivity (e.g. Application to seismic records 4.1. Typical applications of seismic reflection include: For more information, please contact our Ground Survey Team. The seismic reflection method has been used extensively in mineral exploration and for imaging crustal structures within hardrock environments. Application of an undulatory method of reflection seismics to the biomedical field September 2020 : Physical Review Applied publishes the article "Seismic Imaging Method for Medical Ultrasound Systems" where the CRS4 Imaging and Numerical Geophysics group successfully validates the idea of applying an undulatory method of reflection seismics to the biomedical field . Conclusi on The seismic reflection survey method has been. In combination with the study of regional metallogenic characteristics, the shallow seismic exploration method has potential for the discovery and exploration of solid mineral resources. Unique features of the seismic reflection method applicable to shallow engineering, groundwater, and environmental projects are described and recent applications are illustrated. [1] [4] Recent work [10] has mathematically demonstrated applications of crosscorrelation for reconstructing Green's function using wave field reciprocity theorem in a lossless, 3D heterogeneous medium. Even when the signal to noise ratio is − 10 dB, this novel method still be able to clearly recover signals. The structural deformation and gold mineralization have migrated in a common NNE direction. Seismic reflection is ideal for mapping geology at depths exceeding 50 m. Deep seismic reflection surveying is the most advanced technique in geophysics today, thanks to its application on a huge scale for oil and gas exploration. The width of the intrusion increases gradually downwards and is also sack-like; it clearly intrudes into the structural crush zone. Pilot seismic reflection profile - measurement, processing, interpretation The shallow seismic reflection method (especially its CDP variation) was introduced into practical work in solving engineering assignments only a few years ago. Quartz dioritic porphyrite (Qδμ); 6. The use of seismic reflection surveys for targets shallower than 30 m has not been widespread until the 1980’s, however. successful in many projects in coal area, such as - Coal exploration on shallow and deep - Imaging of structure in the subsurface of the coal mine area. At the current mining site, the orebodies occur as lenses and are distributed in a right-handed direction. Application of Seismic Reflection Surveys to Detect Massive Sulphide Deposits in Sediments-Hosted Environment Okan Evans Onojasun Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University of Technology Abstract: Seismic reflection techniques, the most widely used geophysical method for hydrocarbon exploration By noting the time it takes for a reflection to arrive at a receiver, it is possible to estimate the depth of the feature that generated the reflection. The seismic-reflection method is a powerful geophysical exploration method that has been in widespread use in the petroleum industry for more than 60 years. According to the general metallogenic characteristics of the Yangji-Shan gold deposit, such a crush zone, intruded by dioritic porphyrites, is a favourable site for gold mineralization and deposition. The aim of the study was to test the feasibility and suitability of the shallow seismic exploration method in exploiting other solid ores. This feature extends downwards from -100 m to -1200 m. The shallow seismic profile beneath lines 14 and 15 shows that a contact region exists between the wall strata and a pipe-like object, which extends downwards from -450 m to -600 m. A crush zone occurs along this pipe-like object. The application of this shallow seismic exploration method to the Yangji-Shan gold deposit in south China is, however, an example of a successful attempt to determine subsurface structure and find potential orebodies using the technique. A magmatic channel is present above the pluton. A concealed magmatic channel adjacent to lines 8–12 also exists. Seismic reflection is generally applicable to depths greater than 80 to 100 feet, and is widely used on land to map a variety of deep features (e.g., stratigraphy, faults). In interpretation of seismic data the resolution and smoothness of the envelope of the seismic trace is an important property to have. The shallow seismic reflection technique is relatively straightforward from a … This law is utilized in the seismic reflection method. For a more rigorous discussion of refraction and reflection seismology, visit An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration Check out equipment and seismic refraction applications in industry at Geosphere Inc. Lithoprobe is a Canadian program to study North American continental crust using refraction seismology as one of many exploration methods. The drilling data indicate that other new industrial orebodies exist in the Yangji-Shan gold deposit. Oil and gas exploration and engineering studies in water‐covered areas routinely use continuous seismic profiling techniques to obtain subsurface geologic information. The magmatic channels act as passages for the migration of ore-bearing fluids and the crush zones provide space for gold precipitation. The gold mineralization clearly shows characteristics of isometry. There are P-wave reflection and shear-wave splitting methods when active fault is investigated using seismic methods. The shallow seismic exploration method has been used extensively in petroleum exploration and geological engineering, particularly in karst regions. Seismic reflection is generally applicable to depths greater than 80 to 100 feet, and is widely used on land to map a variety of deep features (e.g., stratigraphy, faults). Seismic Reflection Methods 1. And the seismic reflection data can be used to combine with core data. However, it is unclear whether the eastern peripheral areas are suitable for gold mineralization and exploration. Tertiary (E); 2. Surveys along 90 kilometers of river channels in the Sarasota‐port Charlotte, Florida, area defined in detail the stratigrapahy and continuity of the shallow aquifers. Geophysical Prospecting Center, China Earthquake Administration, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 1920: Practical seismic reflection methods developed. Based on the geological results presented above, we point out the possibility that gold orebodies may occur between lines 14 and 16 in the Yangji-Shan site. The shallow seismic exploration method has been used extensively in petroleum exploration and geological engineering, but whether or not it is suitable for solid-ore exploration is still uncertain since solid ore deposits are usually irregularly shaped. The seismic reflection method is Industrial drilling has verified the interpreted results for the gold orebodies at Yangji-Shan. - Coal investigation with 2D-3D modelling. The drilling data can be used to divide the bedrock lithology and confirm the geophysical results. The latter is one of the controlling factors of gold concentration in the region. This method of seismic refraction is common and provides a depth to bedrock under each shot location. with application to deep seismic reflection data Mirko van der Baan∗ and Anne Paul‡ ABSTRACT Reflections in deep seismic reflection data tend to be visible on only a limited number of traces in a com-mon midpoint gather. In the following, various applications of the shallow seismic methods are demonstrated by a number of examples. The primary application of the seismic-reflection method is the mapping of lateral continuity of lithologic units and, in general, detection of change in acoustic properties in the subsurface. The major characteristics of tectono-metallogenesis of the Yangji-Shan gold deposit are summarized as follows. This article presents a description of the lithology and weathered features of the subsurface under Qiaozhuang Town through a 2-D interpretation based on a shallow seismic reflection geophysical survey. The seismic-reflection method, a powerful geophysical exploration technique that has been in widespread use in the petroleum industry for more than 60 years, has been used increasingly since 1980 in applications shallower than 30m. Based on the general characteristics of tectono-metallogenesis of the Yangji-Shan gold deposit, we now describe in detail the shallow seismic profiles of -430 m. Both the crush zones and magmatic channel are potential sites for gold mineralization. 3. Not long afterwards, regarding the manner and the circumstances of the bauxite deposits occur- First, study of the metallogenic and geological conditions is important. The seismic reflection method involves inducing a seismic wave into the earth and recording the waves that are reflected from sub-surface layers. In this method the block matching algorithm is helpful for the recovery of seismic events because the texture blocks sharing the same reflection events are the most similar. The seismic reflection method is a powerful technique for underground exploration that has been in use for over 60 years (see Waters, 1987; Dobrin, 1976; Coffee% 1978). Seismic Refraction. The shallow seismic exploration procedure is principally divided into the following three stages: data acquisition, processing and interpretation. 1.1.3 This guide will focus on the seismic-reflection method as it is applied to the near surface. The new shallow seismic exploration method can be used for solid-ore exploration only if the seismic data resolve the solid mineral resources. Application of the technique to data from a deep seis-mic reflection experiment enhanced the visibility of all reflectors considerably. 2. The sedimentary rocks experienced strong later silicification in the ore area, either as a result of the gold mineralization process or the emplacement of quartz dioritic porphyrites. In the decades since seismic Seismic stratigraphy represents a coherent method for the analysis of sedimentary basin fills. 21, Application of Modern Optimization Algorithm in Management Science, pp. Common-Offset Seismic Reflection Method A technique for obtaining one-fold reflection data is called the common-offset method or common-offset gather (COG). Application of seismic reflection techniques for imaging sedimentary hosted massive sulphide is relatively new and the few experiment carried out have are at local scale [3] In this report, we extend the work of [3] by applying seismic reflection surveys for detecting massive sulphide deposits in sediment hosted environment at larger scale were the deposit may be located within 5km or more. It also provides more accurate velocity parameters determined from a common-midpoint gather. In this research the seismic reflection method has been used and studied to address problems associated with hardrock settings. Search for other works by this author on: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Beijing 100037, China, Preliminary research on the tectono-metallogeny in the Yangji-Shan gold deposit and its prospecting, Ore-controlling structure of the Yangji-Shan gold deposit in Jiangxi and ore-searching indicator, Model of copper and gold metallogenic series in Jiujiang-Ruichang area, Jiangxi, Iron-Copper(Gold) Metallogenic Laws in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Enrichment laws of gold in the Yangji-Shan cryptoexplosive breccia-type gold deposit, Jiangxi, © 2004 Nanjing Institute of Geophysical Prospecting, The effects of tool eccentricity on individual P and S head waves in monopole acoustic LWD, Upper Cretaceous paleoenvironmental changes and petrophysical responses in lacustrine record (Songliao Basin, NE China) and marine sedimentary deposit (Goban Spur Basin, NW Europe), Data-driven method for an improved linearised AVO inversion, Evaluating the effect of EPBM operational parameters on surface settlement in soft ground, Estimation of weak anisotropy parameters and fracture density of asymmetric fractures in monoclinic medium, About Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, About Sinopec Geophysical Research Institute, 2 Geological and metallogenic conditions of the Yangji-Shan gold deposit, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/1/1/002, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2021 Sinopec Geophysical Research Institute. Seismic method is one of the main tools of assessing fault activity. This means that gold has migrated and concentrated either along one flank of the fracture or from the centre to the periphery under the tectono-thermal dynamic conditions that prevailed in the Yangji-Shan area at the time of deposition (Zhang 1992, Cui 1995, Chen et al 1998). Later tectonic activity along fault F1 resulted in the structural deformation of the orebodies and might have displaced the existing orebodies into several segments. The Yangji-Shan gold deposit is located in the southern Yangtze block in south China, adjacent to the boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks. Among these is the ENE-trending fault, F1, which traverses the whole area and has played an important role in the formation and development of the mineralization. Since the 1920’s, seismic reflection techniques have been used to search for petroleum and refraction techniques have been used in engineering applications. Groundwater refers to the subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table in geological formation that are fully saturated. At the midsections, -12 m and -60 m, orebody number 5 consists of two segments of high-grade ore: one is located between exploration lines 7 and 8 and the other is located above -60 m, between exploration lines 10 and 12. Seismic refraction is considered as one of the main geophysical techniques used to investigate the subsurface layering and/or local anomalies. By placing a seismic source in one well and receivers in another well, a seismic velocity model between the two wells can be constructed using tomographic techniques, and a reflection image can be obtained by processing the reflected arrivals. From north to south, the outcropping strata include Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic sedimentary rocks which are predominantly shallow-marine grey and grey-green clastic rocks, and minor intercalated siltstones and fine sandstones. 95% of the water used for human production and living comes from groundwater. Originally used solely as a resource exploration tool, the seismic method now routinely contributes to coal-mine design and development. According to three-dimensional analysis, orebody number 5 outcrops in a lenticular shape, declining from east to west. Tertiary red sandstone–conglomerates developed in the south-eastern area. Four surveying profiles were designed to meet our geological investigation target and detailed locations are shown in figure 3. In combination with the study of regional metallogeneic characteristics, shallow seismic exploration can provide a potential approach to locating and exploring solid mineral resources. We present a method to estimate elastic parameter contrasts This technique does, however, have other applications on a smaller scale, such as for civil engineering project site investigation. The interpretation is based on Heiland (1946). In the northern section of the profile, a concealed sack-shaped pluton is located between -400 m and -600 m, forming a clear boundary with the wall rocks. An application of a combined refraction-reflection seismic method to a landslide study / BALIA R.; DEIDDA G. P.; RANIERI G.. - (1996), pp. The application of this shallow seismic exploration method to the Yangji-Shan gold deposit in south China is, however, an example of a successful attempt to determine subsurface structure and find potential orebodies using the technique. Therefore, due to the complexity of the geological processes involved, in the course of exploration for solid mineral resources, especially gold and copper, there are several factors that must be very carefully considered. The primary application of the seismic-reflection method is the mapping of lateral continuity of lithologic units and, in general, detection of change in acoustic properties in the subsurface. Originally used solely as a resource exploration tool, the seismic method now routinely contributes to coal-mine design and development. When we create sound at or near the surface of the earth, some energy will be re ected back (bounced back). The seismic method makes use of the properties of the velocity of sound. For each shot, the weight of dynamite is 350–400 g. The shot interval is 10 m. Each shot record consists of 24 channels with a receiver interval of 5 m. The offset between the shot and the first receiver is 30 m. The recording length includes 2048 samples with a sampling rate of 0.4 ms. Data processing includes pre-processing, static correction, filtering, velocity analysis, NMO correction, stack, noise attenuation and depth migration. The area of gold mineralization is about 1 km long in the E–W direction and about 0.4 km wide in the N–S direction. The method is applied to seismic waves propagation problems, specifically to the problem of reflection and transmission of plane waves in heterogeneous media. Since 1980, it has been increasingly used in applications shallower than 30 m, and that is the principal subject of this paper. The upper right-hand figure shows the section after improving the resolution. Crush zone (Sb); 8. The weak zone in the subsurface structure can be modeled by using seismic reflection method based on the wave propagation properties that can reflect in a certain This method was used as reconnaissance to locate the bedrock valleys. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. the process of mineralizing fluid migration and mechanism of gold localization. APPLICATION OF THE SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD TO ABANDONED MINE DETECTION IN ÓBIDOS, PORTUGAL João Carvalho1, Luís Torres1, Carlos Galhano2 and Luís Mendes-Victor3 1 Instituto Geológico e Mineiro, Estrada da Portela-Zambujal, 2720-461 Amadora 2 Universidade Nova, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica 3 Centro Geofísica Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola … The seismic profiles indicate the possible existence of other cryptoexplosive breccias (or quartz dioritic porphyrites) at -600 m, where the contact region between the inferred igneous rocks and the wall rocks clearly contains a crush zone. Additionally, since the 1980’s, significant strides have been made in both near-surface seismic reflection surveying and in the development of shallow-seismic refraction methods. 1. In the following, various applications of the shallow seismic methods are demonstrated by a number of examples. The drill hole ZK14–4 is located on line 14 and the drilling depth is 308.58 m. Sulfide ores in cryptoexplosive breccias are encountered at depths of 233.35–237.90 m (corresponding to altitudes of -165.87 to -170.43 m). The dark line above the section shows the surface relief. The seismic reflection method is able to detect much more detail, typically allowing us to see many tens or even hundreds of reflecting surfaces. It is clear that a volcanic channel exists adjacent to exploration lines 8–12. APPLICATION OF THE SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD TO ABANDONED MINE DETECTION IN ÓBIDOS, PORTUGAL João Carvalho1, Luís Torres1, Carlos Galhano2 and Luís Mendes-Victor3 1 Instituto Geológico e Mineiro, Estrada da Portela-Zambujal, 2720-461 Amadora 2 Universidade Nova, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica 3 Centro Geofísica Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 58, … Containment of the air-blast is essential in shallow reflection work. The seismic reflection method usually gives better resolution (i.e., makes it possible to see smaller features) than other methods, with the exception of measurements made in close proximity, as with borehole logs (see below). Structural analyses from previous studies (Zhang 1992, Chen et al 1999) have shown that the Yangji-Shan gold deposit lies on the southern flank of the Dachong–Dingjiashan compound anticline (figure 1). Seismic reflection is ideal for mapping geology at depths exceeding 50 m. Deep seismic reflection surveying is the most advanced technique in geophysics today, thanks to its application on a huge scale for oil and gas exploration. White, E. Takacs, I. Gyorfi, I.R. Shallow reflection surveys The shallow reflection method is by far the most effective geophysical technique for detailed and reliable imaging of the subsurface structure. This method involved a 24-channel system, multiple shots, and end-to-end or over lapping spread cables to produce continuous profiling across the bedrock valleys. For instance, all ore-bearing drill holes are located to the north of fault F1, indicating a directional tectono-metallogeneic migration. In the seismic refraction method, the geophones are placed regularly on a straight line from the impact point, and the arrival time of the first shock wave is recorded. To prevent stack degeneration, any … The basic principle of the seismic reflection technique application is to measure the time taken for a seismic wave that travels from a source down into the ground where it is reflected back to the surface where it can be detected by a receiver (geophone): It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Shallow seismic profile above -600 m altitude for line RJ and the interpreted image (exploration line 10). Seismic reflection method is the most commonly used geophysical technique which applies the principles of seismology for stratigraphic and structural mapping beneath the ground surface to depth of several hundred meters. Within 10 years, the dominant method of hydrocarbon exploration. In this article, we derive an approximate equation and propose a dominant and central frequency shift (DCFS) method by combining the quality factor Q , the travel time, and dominant and central frequencies of two successive seismic signals along the … This conclusion is in good agreement with the results of gold-abundance contouring in the area. Reflection seismology is used extensively in a number of fields and its applications can be categorised into three groups, each defined by their depth of investigation: The combined results indicate that the gold mineralization of the Yangji-Shan deposit is closely related to a volcanic structure (a volcanic channel). Two-shot reverse profiling seismic refraction was conducted in the targeted areas. 1.1.3 This guide will focus on the seismic-reflection method as it is applied to the near surface. The seismic reflection method and ERT are used to determine the location of faults, the thickness of overlying strata of the fault, and the basic characteristics of faults. © COPYRIGHT Geophysics GPR International Inc. Borehole imaging, geophysical logging and CPT surveys, MASW shear wave velocity measurements – v̄, Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Projects, Vibration monitoring and geotechnical instrumentation. But, in using reflection seismology for oil and gas exploration, we have to deploy some kind of an acceptable energy source on the surface of the Earth and … Middle-Upper Silurian (S2, S3); 5. A quartz dioritic porphyrite intrusion, 1–2 m wide, outcrops on the surface along line 16. Each lens is about 20 m long and 5–8 m wide. Seismic methods can provide valuable information of the subsurface, such as the seismic velocity structure of the geology (e.g. This is possibly a contact zone between cryptoexplosive breccias (or quartz dioritic porphyrites) and sedimentary strata. Application of Seismic Reflection Surveys to Detect Massive Sulphide Deposits in Sediments-Hosted Environment Okan Evans Onojasun Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University of Technology Abstract: Seismic reflection techniques, the most widely used geophysical method for hydrocarbon exploration Seismic reflection data have been acquired for coal mining operations in Australian coal basins for over 30 years. ApplicationAdvance in seismic reflection profiling for UScoal exploration bFigure 1a is a seismic section obtained usinga linear sweep, figure 1b the same intervalwas made with a nonlinear sweep and figure cConoco prototype vibrator being used as ahigh-frequency source in coal exploration 12/8/16 Figure1 The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite, a specialized air gun or a seismic vibrator, commonly known by the trademark name Vibroseis. 479-484. for seismic reflector characterisation: method and application N. Maercklin, A. Zollo RISSC, Italy Abstract: Elastic parameters derived from seismic reflection data provide information on the lithological contrast at an interface and support the geolo-gical interpretation. According to the results obtained from drill holes and structural analysis of the orebodies, the two segments of high-grade ore extend to the -204 m and -156 m midsections, respectively. FA is still active in the Tertiary and along the fracture zone where the Tertiary basaltic magmas erupted. The earliest applications of the method primar-ily concerned the determination of the depth to bedrock beneath a soil cover. In most cases a 12-channel system was used. This paper describes a case study in which the shallow seismic exploration method was used to investigate the subsurface structure of the Yangji-Shan gold deposit in Jiangxi Province, south China. ( unpublished data from Northwest Jiangxi geological Team, 1985 ) in the seismic method by. 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