musculus Linnaeus, 1758 andM. Kock et al. Inbred strains derived from only two parental strains may be designated using abbreviations for the two strains separated by a comma, e.g., B6; 129. In terms of visual perception, mice have less sensitivity in the red end of the color spectrum but can discriminate between colors at either end of the color spectrum. There are marked variations in laboratory mouse size, with inbred strains ranging from 18 g to over 40 g at adult weights. Alleles of many genes in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) t complex influence embryonic development, male transmission ratio, male fertility and other traits.Homozygous t lethal alleles cause prenatal lethality, whereas male t semilethal homozygotes and males heterozygous for two complementing t lethal haplotypes are sterile. Coisogenic and segregating strains are designated by a strain symbol followed by a hyphen and the gene symbol of the segregating locus, followed by /+ for segregating strains. Mammalian Biology 79 (5): 297–305. The two species found in Europe - M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus - accompanied humans migrating into the area approximately 4,000 yrs BP. Jennifer R. Gardiner, Amanda Swain, in Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction (Fourth Edition), 2015. The same mutation in the mt-Atp8 gene placed on different genetic backgrounds of the NOD/LtJ strain (a model of autoimmune diabetes) and the MRL/MpJ strain (a model of lupus nephritis, pancreatitis) increases susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases, including collagen-induced arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, nephritis and autoimmune pancreatitis in MRL/MpJ-mtFVB/N and NOD/LtJ-mtFVB/N conplastic strains when compared to their respective controls (Yu et al., 2009b). have mapped the C57Bl/6 loci involved in this effect to three regions: testis determining autosomal 1 (tda1) on chromosome 4, tda 2 on chromosome 2, and tda 3 on chromosome 5.76 The genes associated with these loci have not yet been identified but it is likely that they encode factors that are involved in the regulation of Sry expression and/or that promote ovary development.77 It has been posited that Sf1 and Wilm’s tumor 1 (Wt1) may be good candidates for tda2, and Wnt4 for tda1.78 These genes map to the tda loci, and are known to be dose-sensitive determinants of sex. Cooling occurs by increasing the respiration rate and through countercurrent heat exchange between vascular beds in the ears and tail. Passage of MCMV in mouse tissue culture quickly attenuates its virulence, which may be restored following in vivo passage. Without a mechanism maintaining these deleterious … Comparisons between human and mouse suggest that this balance is set up slightly differently between the two species such that mutations in the same gene can give different phenotypes, as mentioned below in the case of WT1. Recombinant inbred (RI) strains are formed by crossing two inbred strains, followed by 20 or more generations of sibling mating. 2.3 SYSTEMATICS OF THE MUS SPECIES GROUP, THE HOUSE MOUSE, AND THE CLASSICAL INBRED STRAINS 2.3.1 Commensal, feral, and aboriginal animals. This suggests that allelic variations that might have a small effect on available levels of active SRY could have a significant impact on phenotype due to the delicate balance that controls the decision to become male or female. The genes associated with these loci have not yet been identified, but it has been proposed they encode factors that are involved in the regulation of Sry expression and/or that promote ovary development (56). RC strains are designated by abbreviations of the names of the two parental strains (with the recipient strain given first, followed by the donor strain) separated by a lower case ‘c’ (e.g. A sample designation is C57BL/6J-mtBALB/c. Symbols are composed of the holder Lab Code followed by a full colon and characters identifying the stock. Consomic strains are produced by repeated backcrossing of a whole chromosome onto an inbred strain. Mice have highly developed hearing, taste, and smell senses. Currently, three major lineages of Mus musculus, classified as subspecies, are distinguished: the Western house mouse Mus musculus domesticus, the Eastern house mouse Mus musculus musculus and the Southeast-Asian house mouse Mus musculus castaneus. The G number will increase with each generation. Patricia V. Turner, in Laboratory Animal Welfare, 2014. Mice are omnivorous, and because of their nocturnal photoperiodism, tend to consume the majority of their food in the dark phase, although small meals may be eaten throughout each day. MARIE-PAULE LEFRANC, GÉRARD LEFRANC, in Molecular Biology of B Cells, 2004. musculus. This virus is widespread in Europe, along with its host, and spread to the Americas with the (inadvertent) introduction of the house mouse by European travelers. Mice can perceive objects coming from above, important for a prey species. DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.05.006 Reference page. In their phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the mtDNA control region, Prager et al. Eighty-nine specimens from all the seven islands that form the Archipelago were cytogenetically examined. Carries a Y chromosome of Mus musculus domesticus origin (Tucker et al, 1992). Age-dependent contact photosensitivity (Brown et al, 1989), low gross tumor incidence in males (Storer, 1967), DBA/1 complement sufficient, DBA/2 complement deficient (Nilsson et al, 1966). Each of these conplastic strains differs from the recipient strain in hundreds of mtDNA sequence variants. Eicher et al. 4). Mus spretus Lataste, 1883, is a small, wild (noncommensal) murine with a rounded muzzle and small eyes and ears.This species, commonly called the western Mediterranean mouse, is distributed throughout Portugal across all but the northern fringe of Spain into the southern region of France. They are naturally coprophagic and derive some nutritional benefit from this process. (1994) recorded M. m. praetextus from north-east Syria. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been reported from house mice (Mus musculus) worldwide, but only recently from Eastern house mice (M. m. musculus), of particular interest because they form a semi-permeable species barrier in Europe with Western house mice, M. m. domesticus. The potential genomic repertoire comprises nine functional genes: three functional IGLV genes that belong to two subgroups, three IGLJ, and three IGLC functional genes (Tables 4.7, 4.9, and 4.10). It is also present in wild mice and may be present in pets such as hamsters. In a recent study, it has been reported that mt-Atp8 variant predisposes C57BL/6J-mtFVB conplastic strain when compared to C57BL/6J-mtAKR/J controls to β-cell dysfunction and impaired glucose tolerance after high-fat diet (Chauhan et al., 2015). Consistent with this, several mutant strains of mice, including those carrying mutations in Fgf9 and Dax1, only show a sex reversal phenotype when the genetic background is derived from the C57Bl/6 background. Recently, sequence analyses of mtDNA from 52 common mouse inbred strains confirmed this observation and in addition, revealed altogether 26 mutations that have arisen and been genetically isolated within individual inbred strains: 4 variants are located in tRNA or rRNA genes and of 22 variants located in protein-coding regions, 15 are nonsynonymous. Some laboratory mouse strains, such as C57BL/6, are domesticated from M. m. Animals that are members of the genus Mus can be further classified according to their relationship to humankind. Betaherpesviruses are specific to their hosts, and it is not known if other Mus taxa carry MCMV or if it is restricted to M. m. domesticus. MCMV also replicates in hamster, rabbit, monkey, and sheep cell cultures. This section includes definitions of strain types and the way they are symbolized. Syn: Mus abbotti Waterhouse, 1837, Mus domesticus Rutty, 1772. The hearing range of a mouse lies largely between 10 and 70 kHz, with most sensitive hearing occurring in the ultrasonic range, at around 16 kHz. La mirga o murga (var. Conplastic strains are developed by backcrossing the nuclear genome from one strain into the cytoplasm of another, i.e., the mitochondrial parent is always the female parent in backcrosses. The house mouse of western Europe is the one that has been introduced to the Americas and Australasia, as well as being domesticated in the laboratory and ‘fancy’ strains; it is properly described as Mus domesticus. LCMV is widespread, often being present in colonies of laboratory mice even without overt introduction. The house mouse represents one group within this genus that is characterized by its ability to live in close association with people. Sinonims. [1], In Europe, M. m. domesticus lives in Western and Northern Europe, while another subspecies, the Eastern European house mouse (M. m. musculus) lives in Eastern and Southern Europe. However, some residual heterozygosity may persist up to F40. Mus musculus domesticus, the Western European house mouse, is a subspecies of the house mouse (Mus musculus). Susceptible to: Mycoplasma fermentens (Gabridge et al, 1972), Trypanosoma cruzi (Rowland et al, 1992), Coxiella burnetii infection (Scott et al, 1978), Ectromelia (Briody, 1966). Although the organization of the IGL locus in these mice is not known, preliminary data suggest that the total number of IGLV genes may vary from two to at least ten (Table 4.8), and the total number of IGLC may vary from three to at least 10, depending on the strains (Table 4.11). Species: Mus musculus domesticus; Distribution Table Top of page. Since laboratory strains are neither pure Mus domesticus nor musculus, they should be referred to as ‘laboratory mice’ or by the inbred strain name when known. Because of their side-placed eyes, they also have a blind spot directly in front of them where there is no visual overlap between right and left fields. Strain symbols are not italicized. The area from Scandinavia to the Black Sea is a secondary hybrid zone for M. m. domesticus and M. m. Studies of a hybrid zone between two house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus) along with studies using laboratory crosses reveal a large role for the X chromosome and multiple autosomal regions in reproductive isolation as a consequence of disrupted epistasis in hybrids.One limitation of previous work has been that most of the identified genomic regions have … (55) mapped the C57Bl/6 loci involved in this effect to three regions on chromosome 4 (tda1), 2 (tda2), and 5 (tda3). Abstract. Non-inbred stocks are sometimes given specific designations if they meet specific criteria as defined in ICLA (1972). Mus spretus Lataste, 1883, is a small, wild (noncommensal) murine with a rounded muzzle and small eyes and ears.This species, commonly called the western Mediterranean mouse, is distributed throughout Portugal across all but the northern fringe of Spain into the southern region of France. Indeed, transcriptome analysis of E11.5 XY gonads in C57Bl/6J and 129S1/SvImJ mice revealed that the C57Bl/6J gonads had a more “female-like” transcriptome, explaining the propensity for XY sex reversal on this genetic background.79. Spontaneous inflammatory and erosive joint disease (Nordling et al, 1992), and collagen-induced arthritis (Hansson et al, 1993). Mus musculus domesticus arrived from Asia Minor, along the Mediterranean Basin, and now occurs in southern and western Europe; M. m. musculus followed a pathway north of the Black Sea and today occupies northern and eastern parts of the continent. Mus musculus musculus x M. m. domesticus Taxonomy ID: 477815 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid477815) current name These studies highlight the importance of the genetic background on the process of sex determination. In contrast, a closely related NOD strain is susceptible to T1D induced by alloxan treatment. Eicher et al. It is predominantly these two species that have become invasive throughout the world, primarily aided by past European colonial expansion. Mus musculus domesticus - WikiMili, The Free Encyclopedia - … They have large eyes for their size, and because of their crepuscular or nocturnal activity patterns, have more rods in their retina and better night vision. Two strains that are genetically identical (i.e., isogenic), except for a difference at a single gene, are called coisogenic. Seroprevalence varies significantly with time and host density. Find the perfect mus musculus domesticus stock photo. As rodents, mice have constantly growing incisors and must have objects in the environment to chew to prevent malocclusion. Location of a contact zone between Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. domesticus with M. m. castaneus mtDNA in southern New Zealand. Bright lights are uncomfortable for them and are usually avoided. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Twelve conplastic strains were generated on the C57BL/6J genetic background with 12 mtDNA haplotypes harboring 1 to 3 functional mtDNA mutations from these donor strains: 129P3/J, 129S1/Svlm, AKR/J, ALR/LtJ, BPL/1J, BUB/BnJ, C3H/HeJ, FVB/NJ, KK, MA/MyJ, MRL/MpJ, and NOD/LtJ. Biological Journal of the Linnean … FIGURE 4.10. Substrains are designated by adding a foward slash and a holder Lab Code. In addition, primary fibroblasts derived from the conplastic mouse strain C57BL/6J-mtALR with mutant mt-Nd2 gene, possessed high enzyme activity and ATP production and low ROS production and expressed lower senescence markers (Schauer et al., 2015). M. Pravenec, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2017. Mice that are up to 40% diet restricted demonstrate an increased lifespan and decreased incidence of lifetime tumors (Blackwell et al., 1995). Her liver, lungs, and kidneys were harvested for transplantation. In contrast, wild Mus musculus musculusand Mus spretusmice have a more diverse and polymorphic repertoire. Mus musculus domesticus, the Western European house mouse, is a subspecies of the house mouse (Mus musculus). Subspecies, including C57BL/6J-mtNZB/B1nJ, C57BL/6J-mtPWD/PhJ, C57BL/6J-mtMOLF/EiJ, and C57BL/6J-mtCAST/EiJ strains original Smith strain isolated in.... 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