Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. In 1949, he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee to discuss the appeal of Communism to Black Americans, surprising them with a ferocious condemnation of the racial discrimination embodied by the Jim Crow segregation laws of the South: The white public should start toward real understanding by appreciating that every single Negro who is worth his salt is going to resent any kind of slurs and discrimination because of his race, and hes going to use every bit of intelligenceto stop it. The Southern economy was largely based on agriculture. What effect did vagrancy laws have on African Americans? C.Emancipation Proclamation African Americans and some willing whites went on Freedom Rides around the Deep South. Sharecropping is a type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year . Which detail in the photo was influenced by vaqueros? B) After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. The state gained the right to decide local matters. B)opened weapons factories. When Meredith arrived at Ole Miss under the protection of federal forces including U.S. marshals, a mob of more than 2,000 people formed on the Oxford, Mississippi campus. The laws allowed African Americans to be arrested unfairly. Also in 1793, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which made it a federal crime to assist an enslaved person trying to escape. What event or characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this painting illustrate? Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 . The result was the Voting Rights Act, which Congress passed in August 1965. READ MORE: Harriet Tubman: 8 Facts About the Daring Abolitionist. Preamble to the Platform of the Populist Party Some 186,000 Black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in 1865, and 38,000 lost their lives. How did the Radical Republican Reconstruction plan affect life in South Carolina? Though many protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate impact, forcing Woolworthsamong other establishmentsto change their segregationist policies. to ensure a complex business ran smoothly. In 1900, garment workers organized the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). Less than a week after the Selma-to-Montgomery marchers were beaten and bloodied by Alabama state troopers in March 1965, President Lyndon Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress, calling for federal legislation to ensure protection of the voting rights of African Americans. Pressure to pass the bill increased amid the wave of national remorse that followed, and after a strictly limited debate, the House passed the Fair Housing Act on April 10. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own. The act encouraged American Indians to become farmers. In what area did airplanes first prove to be of practical value? Studies indicate the median white family in the United States holds more than ten times the wealth of the median African American family. Floyds killing came on the heels of two other high-profile cases in 2020. One of its most eloquent voices was William Lloyd Garrison, a crusading journalist from Massachusetts, who founded the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator in 1831 and became known as the most radical of Americas antislavery activists. He was a leading voice for Black Americans during the early 1980s, urging them to be more politically active and heading up a voter registration drive that led to the election of Harold Washington as the first Black mayor of Chicago in 1983. Martins death set off nationwide protests like the Million Hoodie March. What was one effect of the Haymarket Riot? to encourage American Indians to become farmers. After an unsuccessful appeal to the League of Nations to settle a colony in Africa and failed negotiations with Liberia, Garvey announced the formation of the Empire of Africa in 1921, with himself as provisional president. 1 Apart from its obvious negative impact on African American individuals, families, and communities, the racial . About 90 participants in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, including King, were indicted under a law forbidding conspiracy to obstruct the operation of a business. Those effortsincluding a nationwide protest of D.W. Griffiths silent film Birth of a Nation (1915), which glorified white supremacy and the Ku Klux Klanwould continue into the 1920s, playing a crucial role in drastically reducing the number of lynchings carried out in the United States. By the end of the 1950s, African Americans had begun to be admitted in small numbers to white colleges and universities in the South without too much incident. In Regarding the Pain of Others, Susan Sontag says of war, We do not and cannot imagine what it was like, how dreadful or terrifying it was, how normal it becomes. How might Sadiq be regarded as a response to Sontags statement? After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. No tide of racism can stop us, King proclaimed from the steps of the state capitol building, addressing the nearly 50,000 supportersBlack and whitewho met the marchers in Montgomery. Garveys boast of 6 million followers in 1923 was probably exaggerated, but even his critics admitted that the UNIA had some 500,000 members. How did the transcontinental railroads impact the West? The Plains Indians' reaction to the Sand Creek Massacre ultimately resulted in. His trial brought national attention to the organization, which at its peak in the late 1960s boasted some 2,000 members. There is a well-documented, persistent, and growing racial wealth gap between African American families and white families in the United States. The King case was eventually tried in the suburb of Simi Valley, and in April 1992 a jury found the officers not guilty. Its organizer, Minister Louis Farrakhan, had called for a million sober, disciplined, committed, dedicated, inspired Black men to meet in Washington on a day of atonement. Farrakhan, who had asserted control over the Nation of Islam (commonly known as the Black Muslims) in the late 1970s and reasserted its original principles of Black separatism, may have been an incendiary figure, but the idea behind the Million Man March was one most Blackand many whitepeople could get behind. Obamas appearances in both the primaries and the general election drew impressive crowds, and his message of hope and changeembodied by the slogan Yes We Caninspired thousands of new voters, many young and Black, to cast their vote for the first time in the historic election. In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman finally integrated the U.S. Armed Forces under an executive order mandating that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin., READ MORE: Why Harry Truman Ended Segregation in the US Military in 1948. What was one effect of the Haymarket Riot? The most important early Pan-Africanists were Martin Delany and Alexander Crummel, both African Americans, and Edward Blyden, a West Indian. Which of the following MOST helped railroads improve their efficiency? The following year, the 14th Amendment broadened the definition of citizenship, granting "equal protection of the Constitution to people who had been enslaved. By an 81 majority, the Court upheld a Louisiana law that required the segregation of passengers on railroad cars. Many African American inventors were unable to benefit from their discoveries because of difficulties, Make the camera as convenient as the pencil. Two distinct business policies thus presented themselves. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? It opened up national markets for selling and obtaining resources and helped lower costs of production. From the same prolific [producing a lot of something] womb of governmental injustice we breed the two great classestramps and millionaires. After studying at Harvard Law School and practicing constitutional law in Chicago, he began his political career in 1996 in the Illinois State Senate and in 2004 announced his candidacy for a newly vacant seat in the U.S. Senate. They chose exile and abandoned the state for nine years, making periodic trips back to visit family while trying to avoid being detected. With the passing of the 13th, A. African Americans tend to be underrepresented in special education programs. How is the poem an analogy? What industry's decline would hurt the southern economy the most? In the courts the . C. Rosa Parks sitting in front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after the Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the city bus system on December 21st, 1956. What negative impact did the steel mills have? By that time, the U.S. governments war on drugs had sent a disproportionate number of African Americans to prison, and by 2000, more Black men were incarcerated than in college. Which of the following contributed most to this process towards statehood? After withstanding a tight Democratic primary battle with Hillary Clinton, the New York senator and former first lady, Obama defeated Senator John McCain of Arizona in the general election that November. Steelworkers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for tracks and engines. A. [It] is evident [obvious] that the state, and if necessary the nation, has got to possess the right of supervision and control as regards the great corporations which are its creatures; particularly as regards the great business combinations [corporations] which derive [develop] a portion of their importance from the existence of some monopolistic tendency [desire for no competition]. There was no denying the movements appeal, however. PBS.org.The Matter of Black Lives. Although railroads caused certain problems, they also made possible the rapid growth of industry after 1865. After the Civil War, veterans of the Confederate Army made up the majority of the cowhands who worked in Texas. In a televised ceremony on July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law using 75 pens; he presented one of them to King, who counted it among his most prized possessions. In September, under pressure from CORE and other civil rights organizations, as well as from the attorney generals office, the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled that all passengers on interstate bus carriers should be seated without regard to race and carriers could not mandate segregated terminals. A - no. John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859. The 15th Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed that a citizens right to vote would not be deniedon account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. During Reconstruction, Black Americans won election to southern state governments and even to the U.S. Congress. Preamble to the Platform of the Populist Party Even the poorest can be made to see this, and to agree that great sums gathered by some of their fellow citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered among them through the course of many years in trifling amounts. They laid tracks, built trestles across rivers, carved tunnels through mountains, and built countless railroad stations. I had decided that I would have to know once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen.. Only a few southern states have been readmitted to the Union. . They were established as a step toward legal freedoms for African Americans. Sitting Bull did feel bound by the 1868 Treaty, which he did not sign. The Voting Rights Act sought to overcome the legal barriers that still existed at the state and local levels preventing Black citizens from exercising the right to vote given them by the 15th Amendment. The railroads provided jobs for settlers. The fruits of the toil [labor] of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented [never having happened or existed before] in the history of mankind; and the possessors of these, in turn, despise the Republic and endanger liberty. The term Black lives matter was first used by organizer Alicia Garza in a July 2013 Facebook post in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman, a Florida man who shot and killed unarmed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012. By 1885, most southern states had laws requiring separate schools for Black and white students, and by 1900, persons of color were required to be separated from white people in railroad cars and depots, hotels, theaters, restaurants, barber shops and other establishments. What happened after the 15th amendment was passed? Dozens of other players in the NFL and beyond followed suit. Du Bois, became a leading voice in the growing Black protest movement during the first half of the 20th century. D. Despite the efforts of the ILGWU and other labor groups, most women with factory jobs did not join unions. By the summer of 1862, however, Lincoln had come to believe he could not avoid the slavery question much longer. B.joyful The nine Black students entered the school under heavily armed guard, marking the first time since Reconstruction that federal troops had provided protection for Black Americans against racial violence. More than 20,000 women and men in the ILGWU walked off their jobs in 1909. Many were recent immigrants. Suddenly, there was no lack of educated, upwardly mobile, family-oriented Black characters for TV viewers to look to, both in fiction and in life. All four officers involved in the incident were fired. His groundbreaking achievement transcended sports, and as soon as he signed the contract with Rickey, Robinson became one of the most visible African Americans in the country, and a figure that Black people could look to as a source of pride, inspiration and hope. Sitting Bull did not feel bound by the 1868 treaty, which he didn't sign. No one knows where they areperhaps freezing to death. Adding that detail would reveal something about her. lack of public and legal support for union activities, CHAPTER 14 SECTION 3- LIFE ON THE HOME FRONT, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Gerald A. Danzer, J. Jorge Klor de Alva, Larry S. Krieger, Louis E. Wilson, Nancy Woloch, Discovering Our Past: A History of the United States, Early Years (Florida), Alan Brinkley, Albert S. Broussard, Donald A. Ritchie, James M. McPherson, Joyce Appleby. Oftexaggerated reports of the insurrectionsome said that hundreds of white people had been killedsparked a wave of anxiety across the South. And on March 13, 26-year-old EMT Breonna Taylorwas shot eight times and killed after police broke down the door to her apartment while executing a nighttime warrant. Many western territories began to apply for statehood between the 1860s and 1900. Congress was debating Kennedys civil rights reform bill when he was killed by an assassins bullet in Dallas, Texas in November 1963. . Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map? Later that year, Governor George Wallace blocked the enrollment of a Black student at the University of Alabama, pledging to stand in the schoolhouse door. Though Wallace was eventually forced by the federalized National Guard to integrate the university, he became a prominent symbol of the ongoing resistance to desegregation nearly a decade after Brown v. Board of Education. Refused service due to the counters "whites-only" policy, they stayed put until the store closed, then returned the next day with other students. After the American Revolution, many colonistsparticularly in the North, where slavery was relatively unimportant to the agricultural economybegan to link the oppression of enslaved Africans. . . Which factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile? The little children are freezing to death. . Du Bois edited the NAACPs official magazine, The Crisis, from 1910 to 1934, publishing many of the leading voices in African American literature and politics and helping fuel the spread of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s. In what area did airplanes first prove to be of practical value? Though it was difficult to enforce from state to state, especially with the growth of abolitionist feeling in the North, the law helped enshrine and legitimize slavery as an enduring American institution. Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. Samuel Gompers, 1912 Police cars were set on fire and officers released tear gas to disperse crowds. President Theodore Roosevelt, 1901 Their only hope, according to him, was to flee America and return to Africa to build a country of their own. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? It was left to Lyndon Johnson (not previously known for his support of civil rights) to push the Civil Rights Actthe most far-reaching act of legislation supporting racial equality in American historythrough Congress in June 1964. The main reason for the attack on the tribes under Sitting Bull was to, force the Lakota and Cheyenne back onto their reservations. Black Power was a form of both self-definition and self-defense for African Americans; it called on them to stop looking to the institutions of white Americawhich were believed to be inherently racistand act for themselves, by themselves, to seize the gains they desired, including better jobs, housing and education. What caused many boomtowns to turn into ghost towns? To capitalize on the sit-in movements increasing momentum, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina in April 1960. There cant be liberation for half a race, declared Margaret Sloan, one of the women behind the National Black Feminist Organization, founded in 1973. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones. Garvey appealed to the racial pride of African Americans, exalting blackness as strong and beautiful. Although the culprits in the casewhite supremacists who included the countys deputy sheriffwere soon identified, the state made no arrests. B.his second inaugural Address -George Eastman Parks, a 42-year-old seamstress, was also the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. What is an example of how Radical Republicans sought to achieve their goals? She claimed she never expected to win the nomination. Though leaders such as George Washington and Thomas Jeffersonboth slaveholders from Virginiatook cautious steps towards limiting slavery in the newly independent nation, the Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution, guaranteeing the right to repossess any person held to service or labor (an obvious euphemism for slavery). By 1877, when the last federal soldiers left the South and Reconstruction drew to a close, Black Americans had seen dishearteningly little improvement in their economic and social status, and what political gains they had made had been wiped away by the vigorous efforts of white supremacist forces throughout the region. The other was to take the whole art of photography and starting with perfecting dry plates, set out to make the camera as easy a recorder as the pencil. I like a little competition, but I like combination more." According to the Court, Congress had no constitutional power to deprive persons of their property rights when dealing with enslaved people in the territories. Many African American inventors were unable to benefit from their discoveries because of difficulties, Make the camera as convenient as the pencil. Two distinct business policies thus presented themselves. In October 1995, hundreds of thousands of Black men gathered in Washington, D.C. for the Million Man March, one of the largest demonstrations of its kind in the capitals history. The Southern Pacific Railroad contributed to the growth of cities including San Francisco and Los Angeles. Around the same time, the mechanization of spinning and weaving had revolutionized the textile industry in England, and the demand for American cotton soon became insatiable. Over the next years, however, there was little decrease in housing segregation, and violence arose from Black efforts to seek housing in white neighborhoods. On February 1, 1960, four Black students from the Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat down at the lunch counter in a local branch of Woolworths and ordered coffee. The right should be exercised with caution and self restraint; but it should exist, so that it may be invoked if the need arises. Based on this text, why might tensions have broken out between Sitting Bull and the United States government? On May 26, 2020, the day after Floyds death, protestors in Minneapolis took to the streets to protest Floyds killing. He decided against running, but soon became a prominent fixture in the Republican Party. Which economic practice helps motivate companies to keep prices low and improve product quality? Carl Iwasaki/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images. I thought 5 was A but if not A, then D? In August 1831, Nat Turner struck fear into the hearts of white Southerners by leading the only effective slave rebellion in U.S. history. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Specifically, it banned literacy tests as a requirement for voting, mandated federal oversight of voter registration in areas where tests had previously been used and gave the U.S. attorney general the duty of challenging the use of poll taxes for state and local elections. What best accounts for the number of southern votes cast for Johnson's impeachment? Some reservations were divided up and given to individual American Indian families. What event in the history of the West in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give this speech? Which of the following contributed most to the trend shown on the chart? Robinson played his first game with the Dodgers on April 15, 1947; he led the National League in stolen bases that season, earning Rookie of the Year honors. The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. As a result, the price of enslaved people was dropping, and the continued growth of slavery seemed in doubt. In what way did the nation's growing transportation system help promote economic growth? In the spring of 1943, graduates of the first all-Black military aviation program, created at the Tuskegee Institute in 1941, headed to North Africa as the 99th Pursuit Squadron. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. The campaign for African American rightsusually referred to as the civil rights movement or the freedom movementwent forward in the 1940s and '50s in persistent and deliberate steps. You can ask a new question or browse more history questions. It allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867. Rickey signed Robinson to a Dodgers farm team that same year and two years later moved him up, making Robinson the first African American player to play on a major league team. The practice of collective bargaining became more common. They were unwilling to give up the minimal gains that had been made during the war. -Andrew Carnegie, 1889 During the Great Migration, Harlem became a destination neighborhood, particularly for African Americans who had left the south in search of new opportunities. Ranching is common in temperate, dry areas, such as the Pampas region of South . "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. C) In the. (Credit: Francis Miller/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images), Francis Miller / The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images. Frustrated Black servicemen were forced to combat racism even as they sought to further U.S. war aims; this became known as the Double V strategy, for the two victories they sought to win. Most women with factory jobs did not join unions move and find new work the southern the! Nationwide protests like the Million Hoodie March people had been made during War... Of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own to southern state and... This map Despite the efforts of the insurrectionsome said that hundreds of white people had been made during the.! Of something ] womb of governmental injustice we breed the two great classestramps and millionaires characteristic of transcontinental. White family in the Republican Party Million Hoodie March families and white families in the suburb of Simi Valley and! 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