For example, 1-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzene reacts with [Ru3(CO)12] to give [Ru3(OC6H4OMe)2(CO)8]162 and, similarly, 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene gives a related ligand with a NH bridge with chelation maintained through the ortho NH2 group, as in the cluster [Ru3H(NHC6H2Me2NH2)(CO)9].163 8-Hydroxyquinoline reacts with [Ru3(CO)12] to give a related bridge–chelate system in [Ru3(C9H6NO)2(CO)8].164, The diimine ligand shown in Scheme 7 reacts by chelate ring formation while the bridge in cluster (90) is formed by metallation of the 2-Me group. Pictures such as the ones above that illustrate states of the system with electron localized on the donor or acceptor electrons hopping from donor to acceptor are conceptually represented through diabatic energy surfaces. Quadrupolar Cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylene‐Based Electron Donor‐Acceptor‐Donor Conjugates: Charge Transfer versus Charge Separation Dr. Christoph Schierl. The perturbation of the OH groups of the zeolite, i.e., the difference in the wavenumbers of the band of the free and the perturbed OH groups increases the stronger interaction of the OH group with the base. The electron donor-acceptor moieties can be incorporated into the main-chain and/or side-chain of both conjugated and nonconjugated polymers. Introduction . Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. Complexes 11–13 exhibited very similar emission spectra and quantum yields to complex 10 in the diprotonated form, but are completely nonemissive in the monoprotonated and unprotonated forms, due to the presence of alkoxy substituents on the phenyl ring which increase the electron-donating ability of the unprotonated amine groups. 2 The research was carried out at Kaunas University of Technology, Department of Organic Technology in the period of 2009-2012. Electronegativity is a . Electron transfer in oriented donor–acceptor dyads, intralayer charge migration, and formation of interlayer charge separated states in multi-layered Langmuir–Schäfer films † Alexander Alekseev, a Alexander Efimov, b Vladimir Chukharev, b Artem Ivanov a and Helge Lemmetyinen * b Author affiliations * Corresponding authors a Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy … Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually out number organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere. Ionized donors have given off an electron and are then positively charged, while ionized acceptors have accepted an electron and are negatively charged. chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or, a functional group) to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself in a covalent bond. Consistent with X‐ray crystal structures of 2 and 4, analyses of absorption and fluorescence of 2 – 4 point to strong electronic communication between the CPA and the peripheral units, affording quadrupolar electron donor‐acceptor‐donor charge‐transfer conjugates. Therefore, a strong base such as pyridine is better suited to differentiate between subtle differences in acid strength as long as it is not protonated, while a weak base, e.g., benzene [120,121], will be more suitable to differentiate between sites with large differences in strength. Shift for the SiOH group (amorphous silica) after adsorption of basic molecules and heat of formation of a EPA–EPD complex with SbCl5 [122]. The Au nanoparticles are photoexcited due to plasmon resonance and charge sepn. Search for more … In general, the concept predicts that interactions between acid–base sites of comparable polarizability are the most favorable ones, meaning that hard–hard and soft–soft interactions are preferred to hard–soft interactions. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. B) RP‐HPLC analysis of RNA aptamers after irradiation at 365 nm for 40 min and enzymatic digestion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) Here, we report an organic LPL system consisting of N , N , N ′, N ′-tetrakis( p -diisobutylaminophenyl)- p -phenylenediamine (TBAPD) as a donor dopant and 2 , 8 -bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (PPT) as an acceptor host. Experimental results answering the question of what determines the electron transfer directionality have been presented over the last few years. However, the emission is switched on by increasing the acid concentration in the complex solution. The reaction center is an integral membrane protein, consisting of 3–4 protein subunits. Relationship to spectrochemical series, and the trans-effect. Depending on the electron donor strength of the probe molecule and on the acidity of the hydroxyl group, hydrogen bonding interaction or proton transfer to the probe molecule occurs. A charge-transfer complex (CT complex) or electron-donor-acceptor complex is an association of two or more molecules, in which a fraction of electronic charge is transferred between the molecular entities. When an acceptor atom replaces a tetravalent silicon atom in the crystal, a vacant state (an electron hole) is created. This high energetic barrier essentially blocks the electron transfer along the inactive branch, even though the standard free energy of the other charge-separated state, P+HB−, is apparently slightly below P*. A charge transfer (CT) complex or electron donor acceptor (EDA) complex is an association of Properties of charge transfer( CT ) or electron donor acceptor( EDA) complexes. Observed is the degradation of the electron … is ascribed to the change in electron affinity of the pyrazine moiety by solvation and protonation. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764. Charge neutrality of semiconductor material is maintained because excited donor sites balance the conduction electrons. Hydrogen gas (H 2) is a good electron donor. As expected, the prepared Co-MOF/g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites display excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO 2 reduction activities. The electron donor-acceptor moieties can be incorporated into the main-chain and/or side-chain of both conjugated and nonconjugated polymers. These transformations follow a set of principles and can be categorized leading to a level of understanding that can be applied across many situations. hydrogen gas, chemically synthesized and biogenic elemental sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfate, sulfite, pyrite, thiocyanate, zero-valent iron, ferrous iron, arsenite and manganese. Since silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 covalent bonds from four valence electrons. If the central metal atom is oxidized as in PcCoI, the charge transport can occur through the metal spine [505, 511]. Electron donor: | An |electron donor| is a chemical entity that donates |electrons| to another compound. In order to study the relationship between the molecular structures of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads and the spin–orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) efficiency, we prepared a perylene (Pery)–naphthalimide (NI) dyad, in which the Pery unit is the electron donor and the NI unit is the electron acceptor, where the two units adopt an almost … In order to reduce the complex to an 18 electron complex, 10 electrons would need to be added. Examples of a few types of processes are described and the rearrangements and outcomes of the action of nucleophiles and base-promoted transformations are presented. Visible light-induced charge transfer dynamics were investigated in a novel transition metal triad acceptor-chromophore-donor, (NDI-phen)Pt(ii)(-CC-Ph-CH 2-PTZ) 2 (1), designed for photoinduced charge separation using a combination of time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and femtosecond electronic transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. The … This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. The cation of P is a rather strong oxidant, with a P/P+ midpoint potential of 0.50 V. On the other hand, the excited state of P, P*, is a strong reductant with an estimated P*/P+ midpoint potential of ∼−0.9 V, as the P to P* transition energy is ∼1.4 eV. These changes have been ascribed to the protonation of the amine group, which decreases the electron-donating ability of the alkynyl ligand, shifting the low-energy 1LLCT band to higher energy. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. These positively charged holes can move from atom to atom in semiconducting materials as electrons leave their positions. (C) The energetics of the charge-separated states in the reaction centers of purple bacteria. However, all published electron donor/acceptor binary organic LPL systems show green emission. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin. In many chemical circumstances, however, the transfer of electronic charge from an electron donor may be only fractional, meaning an electron is not … In 1, the electron acceptor is 1,4,5,8 … DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 2. Williams. Long‐lived charge separation: Perylenemonoimides (PMI), perylenemonoanhydrides (PMA), and perylene‐monoimide‐monoanhydrides (PMIMA) are studied as the oxidizing counterpart of phthalocyanines in electron donor–acceptor hybrids. That means, the addition of these pentavalent impurities such as arsenic, antimony or phosphorus contributes free electrons, greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. However, their photophysical and photochemical properties, which are frequently unconventional, are relatively unexplored. The pure semiconductor silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 covalent bonds from four valence electrons. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). Based on their emission responses to the change of pH values, they are grouped into three classes as complexes 10, 11–13, and 14–16. Thus, the complex is ideally suited for measurements of blood pH, where the clinically relevant range is 7.35–7.46. … However, only one of these branches (usually called the A-branch), made up from cofactors mostly associated with the L protein subunit, is photochemically active in vivo (Figure 2). Learning Objectives: by the end of the course you should … Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Because of their volume of distribution, lithotrophs may actually out number organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere. Background and Rational . Therefore: The total number of holes is approximately equal to the number of donor sites, p ≈ NA. Lo, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition), 2013. Upon diprotonation, these complexes show a red shift in the emission maxima from 610 to 653 nm and a decrease in the emission quantum yields from 0.038 to 0.010. Interestingly, a broad near‐IR charge transfer (CT) … The two membrane-spanning subunits bind the redox-active cofactors: four bacteriochlorophyll, two bacteriopheophytin, and two quinone molecules (see Figure 2). The process of adding controlled impurities to a semiconductor is known as semiconductor doping. Co; 1st edition, 1965. January 1993. Glasstone, Sesonske. Protonation of the amine groups decreases the electron-donating ability, resulting in significant changes of the excited-state properties of the complexes; for example, a series of luminescent ruthenium(II) bipyridine complexes 10–16 containing two amine groups has been designed as pH sensors.33 All these complexes can undergo a two-step protonation upon decreasing pH values. Since silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 covalent bonds from four valence electrons. In all species of purple bacteria, the reaction center contains two membrane-spanning protein subunits, called L (light) and M (medium), and the third subunit, called H (heavy), which is positioned on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. In physics of semiconductors, an electron donor is a dopant atom (impurity) that, when added to a semiconductor, can form a n-type semiconductor. In addn. The platinum(II) complexes [Pt(NˆNˆC)(Ph2PCH2NHPh)](ClO4) (19) and [Pt(tpy)(CC–C6H4–NR2)](CF3SO3) (20, 21) containing an aromatic amine pendant have been reported as luminescent pH sensors.35,36 Complex 19 emits very weakly (Φem < 10− 4) with a short lifetime (το < 10 ns) in water.35 However, the emission intensity is dramatically enhanced in acidic media (ΦpH=1/ΦpH=9 = 130) due to protonation of the amine and suppression of PET. The α-helices of the two subunits, L and M, are shown as red barrels. Antony J. Deeming, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II, 1995. Electron counting revisited. It was supported by FP-7 PEOPLE PROGRAMME, … Recent developments in research concerning metal–organic frameworks and coordination polymers have provided the successful design of charge-variable molecular frameworks. Electron transfer then proceeds to a primary quinone acceptor, QA, in ∼200 ps, creating the charge-separated state P+QA−. The imbalance of the carrier concentration in the respective bands is expressed by the different absolute number of electrons and holes. Charge neutrality of this semiconductor material is also maintained. In this study, a donor–donor–acceptor (D–D–A)-type triad, CTPS, consisting of the donor moiety of … The initial electron donor, P, in purple bacteria consists of an excitonically coupled pair of bacteriochlorophyll molecules. Since silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 covalent bonds from four valence electrons. cm−1) partially oxidized salts by electrocrystallization [513]. Both complexes 20 and 21 in acetonitrile solutions show absorption bands at 286–342, 412–414, and 510–546 nm, which have been assigned to intraligand (1IL), 1MLCT, and ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (1LLCT) transitions, respectively.36 The relatively LE of the 1LLCT absorption is attributed to the good electron-donating ability of the aromatic amine group. The energy and charge transfer dynamics at the modeled D/A interface with Δ D = 0.2 eV, where we separately present the time evolution of the lattice configuration r i,n (a), the total charge quantity in donor or acceptor Q i (b), the transferred electron charges into acceptor and the left electron charges on donor ξ i,e (c), the transferred hole charges into acceptor and … Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. … Copyright 2021 Nuclear Power for Everybody | All Rights Reserved | Powered by. charge transfer electron donor transfer composition conductive electron Prior art date 1991-10-16 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. The net result is that the number of conduction electrons is increased, while the number of holes is reduced. Herein, a series of perylene‐Bodipy compact electron donor/acceptor dyads showing efficient SOCT‐ISC is prepared. The proton-coupled reduction of QB to a quinol occurs in ∼1 millisecond (ms). PDF | On Nov 28, 2020, Xi Chen and others published Charge separation, charge recombination and Intersystem crossing in orthogonal naphthalimide-perylene electron donor… For both types of donor or acceptor atoms, increasing dopant density increases conductivity. This figure was created using the 1PCR entry from the Protein Data Bank. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopies. Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide, and ferrous iron. Electron Donor Electron donors are oxidized by VB holes enhancing photocatalytic electron/hole separation (Reaction (20.9)), avoiding the e−/h+ recombination (Reactions (20.10) and (20.11)). to the Au particles. The donor–acceptor (D–A)-type HAFPS based on charge transfer/charge recombination mechanism usually requires that a photosensitizing chromophore A (such as boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)) is attached by a large and perpendicular aryl donor D in its ground state. The source molecule from which the charge is transferred is called the electron donor and the receiving species is called the electron acceptor. The source molecule from which the charge is transferred is called the electron donor and the receiving species is called the electron acceptor. While this approach eliminates the complication of the ion pair stabilization energy, steric constraints may strongly influence the results. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. Amines are good electron donors, which may quench the excited states of transition-metal complexes through photo-induced electron transfer (PET). The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4/2013. (A) Structure of the core subunits of the purple bacterial reaction center. In silicon, the most common dopants are group III and group V elements. Perylenemonoimide (PMI)–carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared to study the relationship between the mutual orientation of the electron donor/acceptor in the dyads and the spin–orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) efficiency. Upon excitation, complexes 20 and 21 do not emit in acetonitrile solution or in the solid state due to the quenching of the 3MLCT state by PET and the lower-lying nonemissive 3LLCT state. The effect of the molecular geometry on the UV‐Vis absorption, fluorescence and the spin‐orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC) efficiency were studied. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. Upon the excitation with light, the initial electron donor P (a pair of bacteriochlorophyll molecules on the periplasmic side of the protein) donates an electron to a monomer bacteriochlorophyll, B A, in ∼3 picoseconds (ps), forming the charge-separated state P + B A −, and then in ∼1 ps the electron is further transferred to the bacteriopheophytin, H A, forming the state P + H A −. The efficient synthesis and photophysical properties of a series of ambipolar donor−acceptor−donor systems is described where the acceptor is dibenzothiophene S,S-dioxide and the donor is fluorene, carbazole, or arylamine. Upon the excitation with light, the initial electron donor P (a pair of bacteriochlorophyll molecules on the periplasmic side of the protein) donates an electron to a monomer bacteriochlorophyll, BA, in ∼3 picoseconds (ps), forming the charge-separated state P + B A−, and then in ∼1 ps the electron is further transferred to the bacteriopheophytin, H A, forming the state P + H A−. The standard free energy of the first charge-separated state P+BA− is ∼0.05 eV below P* and the standard free energy of the state P+HA− is in the range of 0.15–0.25 eV below P* (see Figure 2C). A charge-transfer complex (CT complex) or electron-donor-acceptor complex is an association of two or more molecules, or of different parts of one large molecule, in which a fraction of electronic charge is transferred between the molecular entities.The resulting electrostatic attraction provides a stabilizing force for the molecular complex. Many species also contain a fourth subunit, a permanently associated cytochrome. INTERMOLECULAR ORBITAL (LCMO) DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOSENSITIZED CHARGE SEPARATION IN A 4‐CENTER UNIT *, Photochemistry & Photobiology" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The monoaqua complex would then thermally return to the original tris-bipyridyl coordination. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron acceptor atoms is called a p-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are electron holes (positive charge carriers). This leads to the formation of charge transfer complexes in which the components largely retain their chemical … Similar to other transition-metal complexes, the design of pH-sensitive lanthanide chelates involves the introduction of a protonation site to their chelators; for example, the europium(III) and terbium(III) complexes of the pentadentate terpyridine chelators 22 show pH-dependent emission over the pH range 3–8.37 Both emission quantum yields and lifetimes are enhanced upon protonation of the aminoalkyl substituents due to the suppression of PET. 12 The involved electron donor geometry during excitation in combination with the aptamer architecture can have an impact on the charge transfer mechanism. The answer is that in order to achieve 18 electrons it would need to add five additional ligands if each ligand is considered a 2-electron donor. Addison-Wesley Pub. Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. (B) Schematic arrangement of the symmetric branches of the bacteriochlorophyll (P and B), bacteriopheophytin (H), and quinone (Q) cofactors. The pKa values of the chloride salts of complexes 20 and 21 in aqueous solutions have been determined to be 3.55 and 2.29, respectively. A second metallation at the same carbon atom at 400 K leads to the μ3-ligand shown for cluster (91).165 Salicylaldehyde reacts with [Ru3(CO)12] to give the ligand (86) in the cluster [Ru3(μ-OC6H4CHO)2(CO)8], while salicylaldimines react correspondingly.166, Pyridine readily gives orthometallation products containing the 2-pyridyl ligand on reaction with [M3(CO)12] (M = ruthenium or osmium), while 2,2′-bipyridyl reacts with these metal carbonyls to give chelation initially and products of the type [M3(CO)10(bipy)] have been isolated. Johannes A. Lercher, Andreas Jentys, in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2007. ISBN-13: 978-1441923912. Since silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 … The bacteriochlorophylls, bacteriopheophytins, and quinones are arranged in two nearly C2 symmetric branches (see Figure 2). 19b, 19c Apart from our study reported herein, there are no data available yet for electron … From QA, the electron is transferred to a secondary quinone acceptor, QB, in 10–100 microseconds (μs). A general treatment of that concept was given by Pearson [127] and early on applied by Burwell et al. Electron flow in these organisms is … The semiquinone form of QB remains tightly bound to the reaction center. The source molecule from which the charge is transferred is called the electron donor, and the receiving molecule is called the electron acceptor, hence the name, electron-donor-acceptor-complex. Spin–orbit charge‐transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC) is useful for the preparation of heavy atom‐free triplet photosensitisers (PSs). An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. The resulting electrostatic attraction provides a stabilizing force for the molecular complex. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany . By comparing charge‐transfer properties of the stereoisomers 5 and 6 the orientation dependence of electron donor‐acceptor interactions is shown. Herein, a series of perylene‐Bodipy compact electron donor/acceptor dyads showing efficient SOCT‐ISC is prepared. Electrons are majority carriers, while holes are minority carriers in n-type material. Further electron transfer from HA to the quinone QA is driven by a larger free energy gap; P+QA− is ∼0.85 eV below P*. These polymers feature attractive properties including intramolecular charge-transfer bands, nonlinear optical properties, redox activities, third-order nonlinear optical properties, and enhanced thermal stability. 5,10‐dihydro‐5,10‐dimethylphenazine (PZ) and boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) were linked to prepare compact electron donor/acceptor dyads and triads. Since silicon is a tetravalent element, the normal crystal structure contains 4 … … Here, a general experimental method to determine the energy E CT of intermolecular charge‐transfer (CT) states in electron donor–acceptor (D–A) blends from ground state absorption and electrochemical measurements is proposed. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. Group III elements (trivalent) all contain three valence electrons, causing them to function as acceptors when used to dope silicon. By comparing charge‐transfer properties of the stereoisomers 5 and 6 the orientation dependence of electron donor‐acceptor interactions is shown. Absorption band due to charge transfer complex formation was observed near 320 and 325 nm in ethanol and methanol, respectively. The non-symmetric structure of PMIDE renders a polarized distribution of the … p-donor ligands, metal-ligand multiple bonds, O2-, R 2N-, RN2-, N3-. Upon the excitation with light, the initial electron donor P (a pair of bacteriochlorophyll molecules on the periplasmic side of the protein) donates an electron to a monomer bacteriochlorophyll, BA, in ∼3 picoseconds (ps), forming the charge-separated state P+BA−, and then in ∼1 ps the electron is further transferred to the bacteriopheophytin, HA, forming the state P+HA−. Group V elements (pentavalent) have five valence electrons, which allows them to act as a donor. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Zhang, K.K.-W. For a given base, an increasing perturbation points to increasing acid strength of the hydroxyl group [125]. The addition of trivalent impurities such as boron, aluminum or gallium to an intrinsic semiconductor creates these positive electron holes in the structure. Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth. Kenneth A. Savin, in Writing Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (Third Edition), 2014. The number of electron holes are completely dominated by the number of acceptor sites. These polymers feature attractive properties including intramolecular charge-transfer bands, nonlinear optical properties, redox activities, third-order nonlinear optical properties, and enhanced thermal stability. Ligand (82) (R = But) is found in the cluster [Os3H(μ-NSNAsBut2)(μ3-AsBut)(CO)8] formed by treatment of [Os3(CO)12] with S(NAsBut2)2.160 The enolate ligand (83) (R = Ph) in the cluster [Ru3H(Ph2PCHCPhO)(CO)9]161 is formed from the ketophosphine (Ph2PCH2COPh) and probably has a considerable keto contribution to the enolate form shown, since the CO distance is 0.134(3) nm and ν(CO) is assigned to a band at 1553 cm−1. Complex 10 emits at 605 nm in the unprotonated form with the emission quantum yield (0.023) smaller than its amine-free counterpart complex 17 (Φem = 0.033) due to PET quenching. However, when interpreting the interaction between the acid site and the base probe molecule not only their acid–base strengths, but also the polarizability of the orbitals [126] involved in the acid–base bonding have to be taken into account. Figure 2. This is a consequence of (1) the elimination of the PET quenching upon protonation of the amine group and (2) a shift of the 3LLCT state to higher energy. The pKa values for the ground and excited states of the complex have been determined to be 7.14 and 7.50, respectively, both of which are independent of the ionic strength. ELECTRON-DONOR FUNCTIONALIZED CHARGE-TRANSPORTING COMPOUNDS CONTAINING AROMATIC OR HETEROAROMATIC CORES Doctoral dissertation Technological sciences, Materials engineering (08T) 2012, Kaunas .

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