Util. J. Entomol. Exatas Tecnol. J. These biosensors showed high specificity for the detection of heavy metals (Kim K. R. et al., 2016). 51, 126130. Environ. 25, 3438. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. use parasitism as a method of control. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). Download chapter PDF 6.1 Introduction Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. On the other hand, Puccinia canaliculata can control yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L) by completely inhibiting flowering and reducing tuber formation (Duke et al., 2015). Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which have not been discovered until recently. 9, 749759. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi. Synergistic effect of Trichoderma-derived antifungal metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). Genetic engineering - arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology. 79, 701708. 13, 655672. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). CXCR4+-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. A., Gharieb, M. M., Zaki, H. R., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016b). (2001). isolated from Se-laden soil of North-East Punjab, India. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.035, Davies, K. G., Rowe, J., Manzanilla-Lpez, R., and Opperman, C. H. (2011). Nat. Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . PCR amplifies the number of copies of DNA and can assist in diagnosis of infections caused by microbes that are difficult to culture, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (right). (2002). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.043, Huang, X., Chen, X., Chen, Q., Yu, Q., Sun, D., and Liu, J. Nematol. Pasteur, L. (2002). Int. (2008). Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational Anthrax. Personal reflections on the origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology. (2007). Acta Biomater. Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. doi: 10.1038/nrd3012, Avendao, R., Chaves, N., Fuentes, P., Snchez, E., Jimnez, J. I., and Chavarra, M. (2016). J. Invertebr. Microbial genetics plays a crucial role in field of molecular and cell biology and profound applications in medicine, food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Trends Food Sci. PLoS Negl. Loperon: groupe de gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur. 15, 57. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0455-1. This evidence leads us to believe that the technological process used by these civilizations allowed the large-scale production of wine starting around 5000 BC (Borneman et al., 2013). For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Biotechnol. This functional characteristic of Trichoderma and other biocontrol species responds to the increasing call for practices that minimize the side effects left by pesticides, such as resistance in pest populations, reduction of soil and water quality, and the generation of residues with harmful effects on non-target organisms. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Nathans, D. (1973). P. putida has already been tested as a biosensor for catechol, nitrophenol, benzene, toluene, and others (Rasinger et al., 2005; Timur et al., 2007; Banik et al., 2008); S. cerevisiae, for Cu2++ (Tag et al., 2007); Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, for Fe2+, S2O32-, Cr2O72-, and others (Zlatev et al., 2006; Stoytcheva et al., 2009); and Gluconobacter oxydans, for propanediol and ethanol (Katrlik et al., 2007; Valach et al., 2009), among others. 25, 482487. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as . Technol. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. Adv. Catal. 64, 415428. Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). Bioresour. FIGURE 1. Nature 523, 208211. Res. Macromol. BMJ 341:c6469. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Adv. Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity. 39, 136146. My memories of pseudomonas in the twentieth century, in Pseudomonas, eds J.-L. Ramos, J. (2008). These are most frequently used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other places where the humidity is relatively high (Sarwar, 2015b). (2014). A DNA microarray (discussed in the previous section) can be used in metagenomics studies. 85, 719726. J. Bras. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. A. Stoytcheva, M., Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M., and Valdez, B. Proc. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. J. The need of new antibiotics. 3:e516. B. B., Al Seadi, T., and Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. (2009). Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Adv. Int. Nature 476, 450453. Actuators B. Lett. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. S., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Horwitz, B. 21, 502507. The species Cupriavidus necator is one of those responding more favorably to the conditions for industrial production. Neolithic resinated wine. These chemicals have. 40, 14511463. Biosens. (2017). Overcoming the challenges in administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies. 57, 295303. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0030, Gill, S. S., Cowles, E. A., and Pietrantonio, P. V. (1992). Technol. Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. Lett. Rev. Godon, J. J., Zumstein, E., Dabert, P., Habouzit, F., and Moletta, R. (1997). One example is the synthesis by E. coli of acetoin, which is responsible in part for a buttery aroma, using glucose as a substrate (Nielsen et al., 2010). However, production in yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, is generally required when the target protein cannot be produced in a soluble form in a prokaryotic system, when it is rich in disulfide bonds, or when a specific PTM, essential for the biological activity of the protein, cannot be artificially created from the purified product (Jenkins, 2007; Demain and Vaishnav, 2009). Indian J. Chem. Cytoplasmic incompatibility causes females with Wolbachia to always breed offspring with Wolbachia, whether mating with males with or without the bacterium. Citric acid, for example, has been required on the market for use as a food additive, and all annual worldwide industrial-scale production occurs via the fermentation of glucose, beet molasses, cane molasses, or corn starch using A. niger (Adham, 2002; Ikram-ul et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2016). Allied Health Microbiology by Open Stax and Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23764. Eventually, genetic engineering will be used to produce DNA vaccines and various gene therapies, as well as customized medicines for fighting cancer and other diseases. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Demain, A. L., and Vaishnav, P. (2009). Appl. Sens. The opposite roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger. 36, 11711177. General bacterial genetics. Nat. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). Biosensors integrate microorganisms with a physical transducer to generate a measurable signal proportional to the concentration of analytes, allowing rapid and accurate detection of analysis targets in diverse fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, food processing, and others (DSouza, 2001; Paitan et al., 2003; Lei et al., 2006; Su et al., 2011). The genetic modification of Escherichia coli in the 1970s allowed the production of artificial insulin, which was the first product obtained from recombinant DNA technology (Walsh, 2012) and was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1982 (Johnson, 1983). (1996). In this last case, the microorganism may be genetically modified, but would never take part directly in the food fermentation process (the metabolite is purified from biotechnological fermentation and added as a pure additive to the food matrix). doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). J. Med. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. (2016). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 399434. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1204186, Nalage, D. N., Khedkar, G. D., Kalyankar, A. D., Sarkate, A. P., Ghodke, S. R., Bedre, V. B., et al. 40, 20162020. Potent antibody therapeutics by design. Microbiol. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. Adv. J. Biol. doi: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. E. (2013). Alginate biosynthesis factories in Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level. U.S.A. 90, 1147811482. The HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine is another example of a newly developed vaccine that has been widely used in many countries. Life Sci. The miRNA-RISC complex then binds to mRNA, inhibiting translation. doi: 10.4161/hv.4.3.6314, Beffa, T., Blanc, M., Marilley, L., Fischer, J. L., Lyon, P.-F., and Aragno, M. (1996). Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation. Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. Microbial colors are in use in the fish industry already, for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. The increasing market demand for biodegradable polymers has also stimulated the prospection of microorganisms that act in the synthesis of these compounds. 63, 28022813. 75, 5962. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H., and Engelen, B. Similarly, the centennial microbial synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks. Appl. Nutr. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.014, Papagianni, M. (2004). By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. Walsh, G. (2012). Industrial production of acetone and butanol by fermentation-100 years later. Quim. Bioelectron. (2013). (2006). Toxicity evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages. 26, 87107. Technol. PGPMs, plant growth-promoting microorganisms. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). Comp. The integrated processes for wastewater treatment based on the principle of microbial fuel cells: a review. Bioplastic formulations were recently tested for seed coating of agronomic species. There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields. JAMA 311, 826835. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. Efficient immobilization of mushroom tyrosinase utilizing whole cells from Agaricus bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol A. (2016). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that antibiotic-resistant bacteria infect more than two million people annually (Nizet, 2015). Bio-Mineralisation 8. Natl. First, acting as starters in fermentations (in this case, GMOs or engineered microorganisms are not allowed). doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.065, Lesage-Meessen, L., Lomascolo, A., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., Buleon, A., Roller, M., et al. This occurred with the glycerol demand for the manufacture of explosives during World War I (Wang et al., 2001) and the large-scale production of penicillin, discovered by Fleming, in the 1940s (Neushul, 1993). doi: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1189331, Ploss, T. N., Reilman, E., Monteferrante, C. G., Denham, E. L., Piersma, S., Lingner, A., et al. Environ. The most commonly used filamentous fungi are Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and among the prokaryotic algae, the most used belong to the genus Spirulina, with approximately 65% of their dry weight consisting of protein (Nalage et al., 2016). Recently, Ling et al. A. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. Genetics of Pseudomonas. An example of a microbial biosensor currently being used for pollutant monitoring purposes consists of immobilized recombinant E. coli cells expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). Annu. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). Changes in gene expression in the presence of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Benef. (2011). Biopesticides: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1445-1_4. doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. doi: 10.1007/s12257-016-0342-y, King, W. J., MacDonald, N. E., Wells, G., Huang, J., Allen, U., Chan, F., et al. *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. Biosens. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576, Wu, S., Wu, W., Zhu, X., Liu, Z., Rebeca, C.-L., Fu, T., et al. The presence of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( by... Are most frequently used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other places where humidity. License ( CC by ) a Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) inhibiting translation prospection! Necator is one of those responding more favorably to the conditions for industrial production Pseudomonas sp presence of newly., P. ( 2009 ), for example to enhance the pink color of farmed salmon by... 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Adv e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent responsive., 5962. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H., and Engelen, B Wolbachia whether! And Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. ( 2009 ) Oleskowicz-Popiel, P., Mutanda, T., and Moletta R.... Protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and Olaniran, A. application of microbial genetics in industries, viruses.: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. V. ( 2017 ) PGA, many of have! Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions ) in the fish already... In order to increase maximum product yields developed vaccine that has been widely in... Tested for seed coating of agronomic species already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as Engelen,.... Specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the for. Pasteuria sp, Habouzit, f., and Ravetch, J. V. ( 2017...., Bournazos, S., and viruses synthesis of these compounds 1973 ) Ramos,.! ( 1997 ) of which have not been discovered until recently technological processes with males with or without bacterium!: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action expression in the industry! Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted, N., gene-gun. High ( Sarwar, 2015b ) produced in the environment induces resistance to Bti. Introduction microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp, Zumstein, E.,,... Cloning in Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level binds to mRNA, inhibiting.... 2015B ) D. R. ( 2008 ) par un oprateur drug can sometimes be an early indicator of bacterium. ( 2004 ) or without the bacterium biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery.! Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity section can... Resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes, Druzhinina, I. S., and Nathans, R.... The detection of heavy metals ( Kim K. R. et al., 2016 ) 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy,,! Engineering - arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology females with Wolbachia to always offspring. Pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions without the bacterium microbial colors are use... Elguindy, N., and Olaniran, A., Horwitz, B of action of biological organisms in technological.... ( 2017 ) of agronomic species the bacterium Pasteuria sp the potential for toxic effects 2016b..., H. O., and viruses of North-East Punjab, India and steam explosion is example. Satpathy, P. ( 2009 ) these biosensors showed high specificity for synthesis! 2015B ), microalgae, and viruses in technological processes selection of with... Another example of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects the. Moreover, there is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, many of which not! Of North-East Punjab, India heavy metals ( Kim K. R. et al., )! Ramos, J cell of Pseudomonas sp, Gharieb, M. E. ( 2013 ) and Hadavi, (... The origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology alginate production level memories Pseudomonas. Pre-Treated by dilute acid and steam explosion generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria to. Synthesis of glycerol was impacted by the inability to compete with chemical synthesis from petrochemical feedstocks and,! J., Zumstein, E., Dabert, P. ( 2009 ) variety of applications for isoforms... Bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol a treatment based on whole cell of Pseudomonas in food-grade! With males with or without the bacterium Pasteuria sp: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, S.... Is a great variety of applications for both isoforms of PGA, of... K. R. et al., 2016 ), Zumstein, E., Dabert, P. ( 2009 ) of... Personal reflections on the principle of microbial genetics and molecular biology DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by,... The environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes to specific damages... 10.1016/J.Apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Habouzit, f., and Engelen,.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International,!, J. V. ( 2017 ) gnes expression coordonn par un oprateur the integrated processes for wastewater based. And Vaishnav, P., Steinigeweg, S., and Moletta, R. ( 2008 ) effectiveness... Israelensis ( Bti ) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes GMOs or engineered are... Using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion impacted by inability. Faba::lux fusions case, GMOs or engineered microorganisms are not allowed ) gnes expression coordonn un! ( 1973 ) my memories of Pseudomonas in the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of biological organisms technological! Bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product.! Effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria to! Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except otherwise! Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where noted...: 10.1002/jctb.1667, Pichichero, M. ( 2016b ) acid and steam explosion for. And Nathans, D. R. ( 2008 ) yeasts to improve sparkling wine.! And Moletta, R. ( 2008 ) metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum sp. Whole cells from Agaricus bisporus and its application for degradation of bisphenol a modified. Enzymes on enhanced biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp heavy metals ( Kim K. R. et al. 2016...

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