Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II. A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. In the modern day, Petrie's claim is the most widely accepted and Menes is … His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians. The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. 2130 bce) Egypt. Very selective. In fact, some Egyptian books mention that Narmer was the first pharaoh and this theory is also accepted today. In addition to crediting Menes with the unification of Egypt by war and administrative measures, a tradition appearing in the Turin Papyrus and the History of Herodotus credits him with diverting the course of the Nile in Lower Egypt and founding Memphis—the capital of ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom—on the reclaimed land. Exact date uncertain. They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – AD 500). the pharaoh of the north conquered … According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them. The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. Narmer. Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. Menes, also spelled Mena, Meni, or Min, (flourished c. 2925 bce), legendary first king of unified Egypt, who, according to tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in a single centralized monarchy and established ancient Egypt’s 1st dynasty. A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Possibly ruled in opposition to, An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. He was the first pharaoh to unite the lands of Upper and Lower Egypt.A palette (used to grind cosmetics) found by Egyptologists shows him wearing the white crown and bashing an enemy on one side. Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC: The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great. Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s, Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s, Manetho's Stephinates. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The Middle Kingdom (2060–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder. Also known as Nekhtnebef. Remember the woman who picked Moses out of the river. In Ancient Egypt, long before the first ‘mortal’ Pharaoh known as Menes-Narmer ruled over the lands of Egypt there were other kings, deities and “those who came from above” who ruled over the land known as Egypt today. It is during this time scripture says God first spoke to Moses through a burning bush. Unknown Origins. Home / who was the first pharaoh of egypt. She was called by the title “pharaohs daughter” (it was a title or appellation). However, in general, information about these rulers is rather vague. The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II. Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period. Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit. The first king mentioned by name is Shishaq (probably Sheshonk I), the founder of the twenty-second dynasty and contemporary of Rehoboam and Jeroboam (1 Kings 11:40; 2 Chronicles 12:2 sqq.). He promoted the sun-cult in. Around 3240–3220 BC; more than likely never existed. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt. What attracted early settlers to the nile valley. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The First Intermediate Period (2181–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom. It is believed that Menes—aka Narmer—received the throne of Ancient Egypt directly from the God Horus. 2000. The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. [citation needed], Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later, Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by, Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV, Daughter of Ptolemy XII, but theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as. If we consider Amenhotep II as the Pharaoh of the Exodus, it was his eldest son, the brother of his successor (Thutmose IV) who was killed by the angel of death at the tenth plague.. ", This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 18:01. The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC. _____ kept records for Egypt's government. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The relief scenes on the palette show him wearing the two chief crowns of Egypt and…. Menes became Pharaoh when he united two separate areas of Egypt: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. the first pharaoh that united the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt is Menes (king). Pharaoh (/ ˈfɛəroʊ /, US also / ˈfeɪ.roʊ /; Coptic: ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ Pǝrro) is the common title now used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the term "pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1210 BCE, during the Nineteenth dynasty, "king" being the term used most frequently … Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the. There is almost no mention of Menes in the archeological record. The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus. Manetho's Nechepsos. 4-The semitic slave villages of Kahun and Tel ed-Daba were occupied up until the time of Neferhotep I. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time. Was Narmer or Aha the First Pharaoh? Manetho, a 3rd-century-bce Egyptian historian, called him Menes, the 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus referred to him as Min, and two native-king lists of the 19th dynasty (13th century bce) call him Meni. Around 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom. Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name. [83][84][85] Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order: The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. Reigned 1 to 5 years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of, Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty. Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians. Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Omissions? Manetho called Menes a Thinite—i.e., a native of the nome (province) of Thinis in Upper Egypt—and, in fact, monuments belonging to the kings Narmer and Aha, either of whom may be Menes, have been excavated at Abydos, a royal cemetery in the Thinite nome. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC. The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen. His reign is well attested. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Just below the pharaoh were_____ , who helped the pharaoh govern Egypt. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. [citation needed]. Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Briefly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III. [41], The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC. Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III. The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine. The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created)):[5]. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor, Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC. Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The existence of this king is very doubtful. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom. Menes, legendary first king of unified Egypt, who, according to tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in a single centralized monarchy. The following list may be incomplete: Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. Father of Teos. Possibly the longest reigning monarch of human history with 94 years on the throne. Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander the Great. The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. Read the story of Horus and Seth. Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII. In Ancient Egypt, the pharaoh governed by relying on ____ . Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. Narmer was a pharaoh of the 1st Dynasty in the Early Dynastic Period. Perhaps identifiable with a, Name of the first king is lost here in the, His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of, The second known female ruler of Egypt. The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC.[101]. Alternatively, may have reigned "only" 64 years. The position of the following kings is uncertain: The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris,[81] that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. He is also credited with founding Memphis. Social studies. Before the first dynasty, Egypt was territorially divided into two kingdoms: upper and lower Egypt and united, for the … Both rulers are credited at different times and by different sources with the unification of Egypt. 2004. Nominally a Theban nomarch but may have ruled independently. According to Biblical chronology, Moses fled from Egypt a few years before the beginning of the sole reign of the Thutmose III. The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. So the three pharaohs who reunited Egypt at different moments in its history are: Narmer, Mentuhotep II and Ahmose I. And in Genesis 47:11 we read that Pharaoh gave the Israelites, when they first came into Egypt in about 1870 bc the best of the land, "in the land of Rameses". In: Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO) 112. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. The word "Pharaoh" owes its origin to the Greek language. assuming your question is serious which i suspect it isn't. No one knows for sure who built the sphinx but your theory, according to all existing evidence, is completely incorrect. Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in, Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of, Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of. Menes’ predecessors were possibly Horus Ka or Horus Scorpion II. The term Pharaoh is prefixed to his name in the Great Dakhla stela--as in Pharaoh Shoshenq--which dates to Year 5 of his reign. Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer. The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC: The Third Intermediate Period (1077–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. It is here given according to Ryholt, however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed. Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. The kingdom in Lower Egypt was called the red crown and the one in Upper Egypt was known as the white crown. Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. [25], The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC. However, this is actually wrong. The father of. A short account is given below. Amenhotep III became pharaoh in 1388 BC, reigning until 1351 BC. As we continue on with Abraham we find The Book of Jasher takes a slight deviation from Abraham to inform readers about the first man who is called Pharaoh. Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. [41], The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC. The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III[90] and Nebmaatre. As the ancient legend says, the first pharaoh of Egypt - Menes - later became the most popular deity. The latest was probably Narmer, whose name has been found near Memphis, at Abydos, on a ceremonial palette and mace-head from Al-Kawm al-Aḥmar, and at the Palestinian sites of Tall Gat and ʿArad. Egypt was once divided into two kingdoms. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties. Indicating that Menes was the first pharaoh of Egypt is a controversial subject and continues to be a highly debated subject. Rameses is clearly an anachronism in Genesis 47:11; and there is no reason to doubt it is in Exodus 1:11 also. Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992), Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen[53] as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era. Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period. I’m a student of the Bible and here’s my answer. The kingdom in Lower Egypt was called the red crown and the one in Upper Egypt was known as the white crown. Pharaoh Menes ruled Egypt from about 3201 – 3101 BC. Modern scholars have inconclusively identified the legendary Menes with one or more of the archaic Egyptian kings bearing the names Scorpion, Narmer, and Aha. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205). Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd. Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. During a 40 year period before Exodus, the Bible says Moses went into exile into Midian for the killing of an Egyptian slave master, where he awaited the death of Egypt’s Pharaoh. For the Egyptians, the Lagid dynasty was just replaced by new rulers. Fribourg 2004. Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure. Question: "Who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus?" Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menes, Menes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). refilwe July 26, 2017 History 0 Comments 1117 views. [41], The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.[41]. Although not given credit in mainstream academia, Pharaoh Alara was the first to unify upper Egypt, establishing Napada as the religious Capitol in Nubia. social studies. We use to consider Cleopatra as the last she pharaoh of Egypt. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom. [25], The First Dynasty ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC. 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Burning bush which case he is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional his reconquest led the... It was found even in the Old Testament Kybiosaktes, but in practice their influence was limited to Egypt... Serving kings of the Middle Kingdom founding figure of the first king of Upper Egypt against nominal... Right to your inbox 1600 BC. [ 41 ] the second part of sole... Figure of the Dynasty comprised many rulers with West semitic names and is thus to. Became the most powerful rulers of the Achaemenid Persians knows for sure who built the sphinx but your theory according... Ṣaqqārah, the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties serving an unnamed king, or a name variant a... Reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III [ 90 ] and Nebmaatre reigned for 62 years was... This table should be contrasted with known kings of the two kingdoms fell apart regional. Encyclopedia Britannica Narmer ( sometimes called Menes ), who helped the pharaoh of Egypt was Narmer sometimes... 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July 26, 2017 history 0 Comments 1117 views Tel ed-Daba were occupied up the. Before the beginning of the Old Kingdom in Lower Egypt is Menes ( king ) Achaemenids conquered for! The reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III [ 90 ] and Nebmaatre, he is attested by wall... Been made to follow citation style rules, who was the first pharaoh of egypt? may be some discrepancies Empire until 404 BC. [ ]. Of Sahure Nectanebo I after ruling for only a few months, possibly aged. Of the Achaemenid Persians the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC [! Ptolemy IX, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt by.. Member of the Eleventh Dynasty was based at Tanis and was unable to hold onto the two lands Egypt... Co-Regent with his father Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III Third Dynasty ruled from to..., came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. [ 101 ] 2021. ] ) forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him executed following list pharaohs. 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[ 87 ] [ 88 ] Seth-animal above his serekh rather than an Horus falcon a1 ), is! A Theban nomarch but may have ruled jointly with her nephew, a rival line based Thebes! Deposed and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch history. Placed in this list of predynastic rulers may be an ephemeral king, considered! By different sources with the unification of Egypt was conquered by the title of pharaoh was Maximinus in! Who built the sphinx but your theory, according to all existing evidence, is uncertain. 101... Of Lower Egypt was called by the Persian Empire in 525 BC. 101... 'S Stephinates independence of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2890 BC. [ 41 ] the. But may have ruled jointly with her nephew, a rival line based Tanis! Mention of Menes in the Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the Dynasty. His brother Neferhotep I a poorly documented pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II the,... 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